Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Zahra Pishgahi Fard; Salman Ansari Zadeh; Afshin Karami; Faryad Parhiz
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Yaghoob Foroutan
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Mohammad Mirzaei; Ali Yar Ahmadi
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
During the past decade there has been an unceasing trend to reduce child
and maternal mortality rate, and thus a demand to examine and address the existing challenges. Despite the importance of consistent healthcare during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period, some Iranian women are not currently ...
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During the past decade there has been an unceasing trend to reduce child
and maternal mortality rate, and thus a demand to examine and address the existing challenges. Despite the importance of consistent healthcare during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period, some Iranian women are not currently using these types of services. Therefore, the study on the important parameters that can lead to lack of enthusiasm and inclination to use healthcare services is significant. The Data for the study is drawn from Iran DHS-type survey conducted in 2000 by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. A total of 114,000 households with a total population of about 537,000 are representatively selected from rural and urban areas of 28 provinces, plus an additional sample from the capital city of Tehran. Data analysis involves a use of logistic Regression to predict the probability of healthcare use based on independent variables. The conceptual framework of the study is based on Anderson’s social model of healthcare use. Independent variables are demographic variables including age, birth, residence, experience of abortion and stillbirth as well as socio-economic variables including education, employment, economic indicator and health condition in household. The study indicates that around 8.6 percent of the total pregnant women of the study do not use any healthcare services. The proportion of not using healthcare services is 6% and 12% in urban and rural areas respectively. In terms of frequency of referral and quality of cares, there exist large differences between urban and rural centers as well. Considering the economic index, the difference is however much greater. In the group with low economic status, 30% of women have not referred to any healthcare center to get reproductive healthcares. This figure decreases to 4.5% for those with high economic status. In terms of education, 25% of illiterate people have not referred to any healthcare center. The ratio of not using healthcare among literate women with elementary and high school education decreases to 6.5% and 2% respectively. The study indicates that the economic index has a significant influence on healthcare use. Meanwhile, the odds ratio for those with medium and high economic status is 3.1 and 9.25 respectively as compared to 1 in low economic status. Thus, education is more influential among independent variables. As the illiterate women are considered as reference group, the odds ratio for women with elementary, high school and university education is 4.8, 27 and 56 respectively. In terms of demographic variables the birth order is a very effective variable. With more children, the probability of using healthcare services becomes less. It is also found that the maternal healthcare use is related inversely to age. The higher the age of respondents is, the lower the probability of healthcare use will be. Considering the population of pregnant women in Iran, this percentage includes a high number of women who do not use reproductive healthcare services. However, for the number of women interested in using such healthcares, a significant proportion complain about the poor quality and quantity of the offered services. As the study indicates, education and knowledge about contraception has the most stable effect in the models which indicate the significance of Ideational factors in reproductive healthcare use. The economic status is of second importance in predicting the use of healthcares.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2002
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to criticize “universalism” and “rationality” that is engraved in the epistemological foundations of the social sciences in the modernity era. This attempt will help to reconstruct these foundations provide a better understanding of the processes of reasoning and production ...
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This paper is an attempt to criticize “universalism” and “rationality” that is engraved in the epistemological foundations of the social sciences in the modernity era. This attempt will help to reconstruct these foundations provide a better understanding of the processes of reasoning and production of knowledge by generations and gender.
The concept of rationality with a universalistic approach and in its positivist meaning has resulted in neglecting rational specifies of women, which has led to a crisis in social sciences.
Changes in the university and positivist meaning of rationality and replacing it with a more flexible content which assumes plurality in the process of reasoning will provide a ground for post modernists efforts in current decades.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
The objective of present article is to discuss women’s image as presented in computer games and their ascribed roles by meta-analysis of research findings. Play and games are mechanism for learning society’s norms and values in the process of socialization. Electronic games are the innovation of ...
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The objective of present article is to discuss women’s image as presented in computer games and their ascribed roles by meta-analysis of research findings. Play and games are mechanism for learning society’s norms and values in the process of socialization. Electronic games are the innovation of 70’s and reached its highest diffusion rate in the Mid. 80s. From sociological perspective these games affects children’s perception of gender. Based on researches of different games, one can conclude that women are mostly presented in passive roles and sometimes in its extreme as victims. However men usually have active roles and are the heroes. The content of the games are developed to be more attractive for boys and girls’ interests are ignored. As the result computer games are mostly male orientated and provide a negative image of women for children.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
Globalization is an encompassing phenomenon, which has created challenges for all of humanity. The family, as a social institution, has experienced some transformations brought about by globalization. The issue under study in this paper examines the potential impact of globalization on the family and ...
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Globalization is an encompassing phenomenon, which has created challenges for all of humanity. The family, as a social institution, has experienced some transformations brought about by globalization. The issue under study in this paper examines the potential impact of globalization on the family and the challenges and the opportunities that are created by globalization for today's family. The results of this study point to fact that the family in the era of globalization will continue to survive. However, there will be changes in the family structure and in the relations between family members. The typical nuclear family will experiences transformations, and greater varieties of family types. Additionally, the power structure of patriarchy within families, women's greater awareness, their social participation, employment and education, will transform their status in the family and society. While globalization can have the potential to create opportunities for the eradication of patriarchy and increase of women's rights, it also holds many challenges in the realm of identity and structural relations of family members. As such, it is important to understand globalization in its various dimensions and its possible impact, so that its positive opportunities can be harnessed and its challenges be appropriately addressed.
Esmat Danesh
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Zohreh Khosravi; Mitra Khaghani Fard
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Bahman Khosravipour; Mohammad Reza Soleimanpour
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
Human resources play a crucial role in Iran’s economic growth. Men make
up the majority of the economically active population; however, there has been a surge in female employment since 1995, with a higher pace in the past recent decades. In the early current century, women in more privileged education ...
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Human resources play a crucial role in Iran’s economic growth. Men make
up the majority of the economically active population; however, there has been a surge in female employment since 1995, with a higher pace in the past recent decades. In the early current century, women in more privileged education groups were more likely to work for pay. Education and employment experience increased women’s potential earnings, making the opportunity cost of staying home greater. They may also be indicators of more interest in and commitment to paid work, as well as access to more interesting jobs. Probably for all these reasons, studies have long found a positive effect of education on employment. On the other hand, nowadays employment status of higher educated women is considered to be a major issue through developing countries in the world. In addition, Iran’s agriculture sector is faced with the shortage of qualified and powerful workforce, since there is not a self-employment sprit, and thus most of the agriculture female graduates are unemployed. The current study aims to explain the role of personal characteristics affecting female graduates’ employment in agriculture and natural resources university of Ramin. Some specific objectives of this study are as follows: 1) Identification of the personal, occupational, and educational characteristics of female graduates in agriculture and natural resources university of Ramin; 2) Prioritizing barriers of female graduates’ employment in agriculture sector; 3) Comparing female graduates with each other based on occupational status and graduation time; 4) Regression analysis of effectiveness of psychological and sociological variables on employment of female graduates in agriculture sector. The study uses a descriptive-correlative method. The independent variables include personal characteristics which are categorized as psychological and sociological characteristics, and dependent variable constitutes graduates’ employment measured on an interval scale. Data collection is carried out through questionnaires and the reliability of which is calculated by Cronbach Alpha coefficient to stand at 83%. The population is female graduates of agriculture and natural resources university of Ramin who graduated within the period of 2005 to 2008, out of which 140 are selected through stratified sampling. The data is analyzed using the computer software 'Statistical Package for the Social Science' (SPSS) program. The responses are coded before being transferred into the SPSS format. The research results show that 41% of female graduates in the studied university are unemployed. Meanwhile 68% of female graduates, who are employed, state that their field of study is proportionate with their occupations. Based on the results 58.6% of graduates are employed and more than half of them are working in public sector and the remaining are in private sector or self-employed. According to the results of the study, limited job opportunities for women in agriculture, lack of governmental support for agricultural graduates, and lack of communication between agricultural faculties and agricultural sector are considered as important barriers to employment of female graduates in agricultural sector. Also based on regression analysis, self confidence is the most effective variable affecting the employment of female graduates. So that by increasing self confidence in female graduates, their employment is influenced positively and significantly. According to step by step regression, this variable along with seven other variables named financial possibilities, independence demanding and free hand, occupational experience, risk-taking, age, education, and initiating could specify 56.5% of changes of dependent variable of the research.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
The aim of the present article is to report the findings of a study on the condition of divorce that is Osre-o-Hara}. Woman can request divorce for the hardships in her married life (Osre-o-Hara}). When the life is impossible to continue and women can not tolerate anymore, she has the right to ask for ...
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The aim of the present article is to report the findings of a study on the condition of divorce that is Osre-o-Hara}. Woman can request divorce for the hardships in her married life (Osre-o-Hara}). When the life is impossible to continue and women can not tolerate anymore, she has the right to ask for divorce. The article of 1130 of Civil Code emphasizes; when the hardship is proved in the court, the husband has to divorce his wife. If he resists, the judge can divorce her. Considering the importance of Osr-o¬Hara}, few questions should be raised:
1. What is the status of Osre-o-Hara} in the Iranian legal system? What are the conditions for its implementation? In what circumstances women can file a request for divorce?
2. What types of problems and deficiencies are raised due to the generality of the concept? Is it a good solution to the problem? Is it able to provide judicial security in the family relations?
The available information demonstrates women's difficulties in proving hardship. Also Judges issue different verdicts based on their interpretation of the concept.
economics
Omran Gheisar; Sima Eskandari Sabzi; ali salmanpour; Seyed Yosef Hajiasghari
Abstract
The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of ...
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The trend of population growth in the last three decades will cause extensive changes in the age structure of Iran's population. So that it can be one of the most important challenges of the country in the coming decades. This development will have different effects and consequences in the process of social, economic and political development. In this research, with the aim of dynamic analysis of the economic effects of the structural changes of the age groups (the age group of the workforce) of Iran's population in the coming decades until 1455, and then the role of women's labor force in the process of gross domestic product is studied and review puts. Therefore, this research aims to understand more about the structural changes of the population in four age groups (under 15 years, between 15 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years and over 65 years) in the past decades, the present and its future forecast; Using the global model "World3" modeling of dynamic systems to simulate the country's population trend from 1355 to 1455, with "Vensim" software, it has predicted the structural changes of the population. Forecasts show that based on the probable fertility rate of 1.6 (announcement of the researches of the Statistics Center), the growth trend of the entire country's population will be increasing until 1425, and the trend will decrease from this year onwards. Also, until 1455, the growth trend of the population in the age group below 15 years will be decreasing, and the growth trend in the age group of the workforce (between 15-44 years, 45-64 years) will increase until 1415, and from this year onwards, the trend will decrease. According to the forecast, the growth trend in the age group above 65 years will increase. The findings show that the demographic trend of working age will happen about 10 years earlier than the decreasing trend of the total population. Therefore, to compensate for the deficit of economically active labor and improve the production process and increase per capita; Considering the existing capacity in the country, increasing the employment of women will be one of the most effective solutions in this crisis. In the following, a dynamic economic model is presented using Solow's growth model. To show how the effects of changes in the labor force pattern will be on the growth process of gross domestic production. Then the operational scenarios related to increasing the employment of women in the growth of production and the growth and development of the country; Provided. Also, practical and operational suggestions have been presented regarding how to reduce the side effects of population structural changes and its negative effects on the growth of domestic production (GDP) by establishing women's employment in the country's economic cycle.
Women's Studies
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad; sosan bastani
Abstract
Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support ...
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Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support working women and increase fertility in the country was to increase the length of maternity leave from six months to nine months.The purpose of this study is to interpret and represent the different dimensions of maternity leave among employed mothers. In fact, this study was an attempt to understand the effects of this policy in the continuation of women's participation in the labor market, improving the health of family members, developing the financial well-being of the family, maintaining the job values of mothers, and mothers' satisfaction, reducing work-family conflict from the perspective of working mothers who are the target group of this policy.The approach of this research is qualitative. The sample includes 25 employed women with maternity leave experience living in Tehran who was determined through purposive sampling with maximum diversity based on the level of theoretical saturation. The data collection method is an in-depth interview that was conducted in the fall and winter of 2022. This study was carried out in the conditions of the Corona epidemic, so this situation affected both the way of collecting information and the duration of the research. Therefore, some interviews were conducted in person and some by phone. The method of analysis was thematic analysis which was extracted in three methods of open, axial and selective coding. From the data analysis process, the core category of "paradoxical expression of maternity leave experience" was obtained, which arises from the two themes of "women's dual experience of maternity leave" and "contradictions in policies and executive plans". The category " women's dual experience of maternity leave " is the result of three sub-themes of "strengthening the family institution", "doubt in decision-making" and "job insecurity" which show the dual experience. According to the findings, "body management skills", "promoting the biological health of the child", "quality motherhood" and "helping the work-family balance" indicate women's perception of maternity leave as an opportunity to strengthen the family institution, but the decision phobia that It is caused by "fear of separation from the child" and "hesitation to return to work", and "insecurity and job degradation" is also an important part of mothers' experience. The understanding of employed mothers about how to implement the program also indicates that it is contradictory, which is included in three sub-themes: "lack of legislation", "closure of the private sector" and "openness of the public sector".Based on the lived experience of the mothers in this study, on the one hand, the maternity leave policy has helped the well-being of women and families and has provided the satisfaction of mothers in order to provide the well-being and peace of mother and child and restore their health. On the other hand, this program has been the source of some worries, fears and uncertainties, and it has many weaknesses due to the contradictions in the policies and executive programs in providing the safety of mind and well-being of working mothers. Of course, various conditions such as economic, family, work environment, physical conditions of mother and child, and the level of knowledge and ability of mothers in understanding and facing issues related to the conflict of work and family roles have created a diverse experience of maternity leave for women.In this regard, the review of policies related to the protection of working women shows that there are good protective laws in Iran. Existing laws such as breastfeeding hours, part-time work, child care services, reducing the working hours of women with special conditions can have a great impact on preventing personal and family issues, along with maternity leave. However, in addition to the ambiguity in the laws, the enforcement guarantee of these policies and laws has not been specified. In some cases, the implementation of laws has been left to the authority of the occupational organization. Therefore, it has caused the non-fulfillment of various support policies for working mothers. Therefore, it is important that maternity leave policy needs to be reviewed, monitored and redesigned according to the needs and conditions of mothers, children and employers.
economics
Negin Fallah Haghighi; Zeinab Sharifi; Hamin Ahmadi
Abstract
Nowadays, economic development is unattainable without the participation of women in the workforce. Nevertheless, the economic participation rate of women in Iran is not in favorable level. Based on the most recent statistics, Yazd province has the second highest female unemployment rate. Therefore, ...
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Nowadays, economic development is unattainable without the participation of women in the workforce. Nevertheless, the economic participation rate of women in Iran is not in favorable level. Based on the most recent statistics, Yazd province has the second highest female unemployment rate. Therefore, this research aimed at analyzing the barriers to women’s economic participation in Yazd Province. In this investigation, qualitative research methods were implemented. The investigation focused on selected groups in Yazd province. Sampling was conducted purposefully and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Instruments for data collection included interviews and observations. To ensure the accuracy and dependability of the data, the researcher collected information through a variety of means, including document reviews, interviews, video and photo recordings, and audio recordings. Coding was utilized in the data analysis process. The results showed that in the first step, 19 main concepts were extracted in open coding. During the second step, axial coding was performed on a set of nineteen concepts (open coding). From this set, three subcategories were identified: “the attitude towards the role of women in the business environment,” “the exploitation of women’s labor force”, “the individual, family, and cultural effects of women’s employment.” The discourse concluded with a depiction of the paradigm model, which comprised causal conditions, contextual conditions, consequences, intervening conditions, and strategies. Some suggestions, based on the findings, were recommended in order to increase women’s economic participation.
Women's Studies
Kayvan Shoja Chaghervand; Alireza Poursaeed; Maryam Omidi Najaf Abadi
Abstract
The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises ...
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The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises extrinsic control but it also is included the development of intrinsic capabilities (Abrar-ul-Haq, Jali, & Islam, 2018). It has been reported that the development of the empowerment in women is a pivotal actors for improving productivity and food security in rural areas (Sharaunga, Mudhara, & Bogale, 2016).Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Female-headed households who live in rural areas are faced with serious challenges in their life, because they should manage their life and supply their life costs. In Iran, some supporting institutions support female-headed households but their pensions are not sufficient to manage their life. It was recently reported that 32% of Iranian families are living in food insecurity (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020).Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization. Statistical population of the current study included 495 women based on the data collected from Statistical Center of Iran and 216 women were selected with the help of Cochran’s formula. Tehran province was divided into ten rural districts and each district was considered as a classification. A self-designed questionnaire consisting from 11 variables were used for job empowerment of women comprising grouping work and communication skills (n= 7 items), creativity and solving problem (n= 6 items), commitment and responsibility (n= 6 items), information and specific knowledge (n= 5 items) and technical skills and operational work (n= 5 items). A five-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). A standard questionnaire comprising accessibility (n= 6 items), availability (n= 6 items), utilization (n= 7 items) and stability (n= 4 items) was used for food security construct. A six-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 0 (any) to 5 (very high). The data were also collected for age, education, job, family size, and annual income. To investigate the effects of constructs of job empowerment on food security, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The results showed that the age mean of the women-headed households in rural areas was 48.28 with standard deviation of 11.55 years. Mean and standard deviation for constructs were as follows; grouping work and communication skills (2.77 ± 0.88), creativity and solving problem (3.01 ± 0.90), commitment and responsibility (3.26 ± 1.02), information and specific knowledge (2.94 ± 0.94), technical skills and operational work (3.22 ± 1.00), access (2.23 ± 0.84), availability (2.42 ± 0.80), utilization (2.69 ± 1.10) and stability (2.57 ± 0.74). The results for model-fitting showed that job empowerment and food security had a good fit for the data with fit indices (χ2/df=1.85, CFI=0.92; NFI= 0.96; RMSEA=0.032). The results show that indices are appropriate and the model has a good fit. The results showed that job empowerment could determine 57.50% of food security variance. In conclusion, this study showed that factors of grouping work and communication skills, creativity and solving problem, commitment and responsibility and information and specific knowledge had significant effects on job empowerment of female-headed households in rural areas of Iran country. With regards to the effects of the factors on empowerment, policy makers must consider policies for improving job empowerment. To improve food security and job empowerment in rural region, we suggest establishing centers by supporting institutions for education of skills and also identification of creative women for improving their abilities. We also suggest education of new information and knowledge by media and other organizations for improving job empowerment. We also suggest education of technical skills for prevention of injures and improving abilities in female-headed households in rural areas. In sum, it is recommended to consider the job empowerment for improving food security for improving food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.
Women's Studies
Mahnaz Farahmand; Somaieh Saadatifar; Fatemeh Danafar
Abstract
Children are the most vulnerable groups in society, and their adult standing is profoundly influenced by their formative experiences, mindset, and quality of interactions.The aim of the current research is to investigate the lived experiences of the childhood of imprisoned women and its continuation ...
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Children are the most vulnerable groups in society, and their adult standing is profoundly influenced by their formative experiences, mindset, and quality of interactions.The aim of the current research is to investigate the lived experiences of the childhood of imprisoned women and its continuation in their current situation. This research is a qualitative study and has been conducted using hermeneutic phenomenology method.The data of the study was collected using the theoretical sampling method with 25 women prisoners in the city of Karaj, with in-depth interviews, and finally, the collected data were encoded and analyzed in the form of 6 main themes and 24 sub-themes.The results of the research show that the experiences of insecurity, regret and failure, homelessness and lack of family support are among the adverse childhood experiences of imprisoned women.The interpretation of the imprisoned women from their childhood is as a dangerous life world, which continues in adulthood with the continuation of mental turmoil, stress and aggression, the continuation of childhood actions, delinquency and connection with the networks of deviation, the continuation of a tense family, incompatibility with the spouse and the absence of maternal affection.They believe that, like other children, they have not been able to use their capacities and have been abused by their parents and close friends. According to them, the prison and the violation of their adulthood is the continuation and repetition of their childhood violations. Finally, it is suggested to provide the necessary training by the responsible organizations, including mass media, family support centers, counseling, etc., in order to improve the mental health, increase awareness, and improve the performance of imprisoned women.
Women's Studies
Farzaneh Haghighat ghahfarokhi; Seyed Ali Hosseini; Esmaeil Ghaderi; Seyed Mojtaba Mahmudzadeh
Abstract
Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry whose ...
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Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry whose development brings many economic, social and cultural changes for a society and human interactions play an important role in it, can have a significant impact on the formation of people's identity and their identity changes. Experiencing new opportunities through development of tourism can affect how women know themselves and rebuild their identity. As a large part of the workforce in the tourism industry, women are exposed to identity changes and transformations by being members of different groups and working in the new context of tourism, which is sometimes in conflict with their traditional values.The main goal of this research is to provide a thematic network analysis of the identity construction of women working in tourism, and specifically women working in ecolodges of Kerman province. In this regard, based on the interpretive approach, qualitative methodology has been chosen, and answers to the research questions and objectives have been chosen based on ethnography.In ethnographic research, the sample size is different based on the time, the studied people and the research field. In this research, the sample size was selected based on the fact that the people have experience in establishing and working in one of the ecolodges of Kerman province and have enough time to answer the questions as well as personal desire. This group of women was selected as the informants of the research and the in-depth interview with them continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The researcher reached theoretical saturation after conducting fifteen interviews, however, she continued the interviews to twenty women. Necessary criteria for the selection of informants, including compliance with the maximum diversity of people in terms of age, education, social class, religion, ethnicity, city of residence and geographical area of residence, have been taken into consideration.Attride-Stirling theme network analysis was used for data analysis. In the six-step process of analysis, 88 initial codes were reduced to 33 basic theme, 13 organizing themes, and a global theme of "women's identity transition from traditional dependence to modern independence in the context of tourism". The analysis of the theme network indicates that the experience of new opportunities through the development of tourism along with the positive and negative lived experiences of women in the past and now, as well as the activity in the existing social and cultural context, which includes the transformation of women's gender identity, women's beliefs in identity building, deconstruction cultural and social and feeling the need for change, leads to the construction of identity in different dimensions, including emotional construction of identity, psychological construction of identity, construction of communication identity, construction of local identity, construction of occupational identity, construction of economic identity, construction of dignity identity and construction of socially independent identity. These identity processes are the result of the interaction of women who have been involved in personal issues in the field of family institutions before entering the world of tourism, with the endless world of tourism and its various managerial, political, economic, cultural and social aspects.
Women's Studies
Parvaneh Alaie; Maryam Hokmabadi Goshuni
Abstract
In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in 2019. The limitation of screening is mentioned in this project. The purpose of this ...
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In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in 2019. The limitation of screening is mentioned in this project. The purpose of this research is to identify the individual-social considerations of eliminating the screening of pregnant mothers before the birth of a child. The method is qualitative and its approach is phenomenology. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with mothers who have a disabled child and who visited the rehabilitation center for speech therapy and occupational therapy classes. The data were classified into two groups, individual and social. Individual issues include educational problems, lack of information and ignorance, feelings and emotions, communication issues. The social part includes social labeling and social support. As a result the presence of a sick child in the family has many effects on all aspects of the life of the family members, especially the mother. It is hoped that the results can be effective in reducing public concerns in such a way that policies related to population increase work more successfully and The psycho-social challenges of the screening of pregnant mothers before the birth of the child should be better answered. In the end, the efforts made will be reflected in the increase of healthy population, Until the correct legislation is realized in line with the interests of the nation and the government.
Women's Studies
sima raeisi; Hosein Tafazzoli; Mohammad Tohidfam; Ah,madreza Taheri
Abstract
In any society the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baluch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according to the ...
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In any society the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baluch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according to the present question, how has the Baluchistan stratification system brought the political participation of Baluch women under its radius? It was tried to study the political participation of Baluch women according to social stratification. The current research was conducted with a contextual method, as well as with a semi-structured interview technique and targeted sampling of eleven Baluch men and women.The main goals of the research are to untangle the issues and problems of political participation in Baluchistan region. Identifying the effect of political participation on the social stratification process of Sistan and Baluchistan and finding practical and precise solutions for the political participation of women in the province to be used in the development strategies and prospects of the country.The findings of the research show that the political participation of Baluch women has been under the influence of social stratification in Baluchistan. Despite the fact that the background factors such as: patriarchy, gender socialization, religious concepts and historical and mental backgrounds are similar, but women's participation has been formed according to the social stratifications of each part of Baluchistan region. According to social stratifications, including: tribal stratification in northern Baluchistan, caste stratification in central and southern Baluchistan, and economic and tribal stratification in coastal Baluchistan, which affects the political participation of not only women but all the people of the region.This means that the political participation of women in the Baluchistan region in terms of qualitative understanding of this participation, has become a collective action by the influential and superior classes in this region.Based on the contextual method and the central phenomenon obtained, i.e. "retrospection", the social stratification of the Baluchistan region, despite technological, educational developments, etc., is still based on its previous social stratifications, and there has been little change in the social stratifications of Baluchistan region.On the other hand, such a tendency towards the past in the cultural structure of Baluchistan has caused the lack of meritocracy in political and social competitions; For example, the education and expertise of the candidates and participants does not play a significant role in the political equations of Baluchistan. Based on this,. In fact, we see a back-and-forth relationship between these two concepts, which fulfill each other in a vicious circle.Although this research was conducted to investigate the political participation of Baluch women, the results of the qualitative research that focused on the hidden and more complex aspects of this participation described a model of participation that gives meaning not only to women, but also to the whole of political participation in Baluchistan society. In this context, women's participation is not based on their gender, but on the basis of belonging to certain classes and in some cases even as a tool at the disposal of that class.According to the categories of the research, which have progressed towards becoming richer and broader explanations during the analysis of qualitative data, it seems that the social stratification of Baluchistan is based on "tribe" and "caste" in the form of retrospection, and the equations Power and political participation in the Baluchistan region are organized within its framework; As according to the originality of collectivism and the negation of individualism, patriarchy, inner self, etc., women and men of caste and class participate in maintaining the unity of the caste and class and its domination over other castes and classes, and for this purpose, They use their own special tools. Despite the fact that democratic tools such as: elections have existed in this region since the Pahlavi period, but sects and classes used it for sect and class interests, which during the periods of holding elections for the Islamic Council and the City and Village Councils.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalateh Sadati; Fatemeh Adelkhah; Faezeh Shamsaddin Qotrom
Abstract
Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. ...
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Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. In the absence of mothers, daughters of Single Fathers have several problems. They don’t have a clue and a pattern of female for a successful passage through puberty. The main question of the current research is to explore the experience of puberty among daughters of Single Fathers. For this purpose, the challenges of the health behaviors of these groups’ daughters during menstruation, their understanding of puberty and their experience about the subject were also studied under the main objective. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2022-2023 in Yazd. The participants are 10 girls aged 13-16 from Yazd who have lived with their father for more than 6 months. Sampling was done purposefully in schools. The participants cooperated with us voluntarily, in order to achieve maximum diversity, the samples were selected from different schools. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews in the teachers’ room. Using thematic analysis method for data analysis. Using the theme analysis method, the patterns and themes in the qualitative data were identified. The explored themes of the research showed that puberty and its experience among the daughters under fathers’ custody is a masculine thing which is related to the way the father behaves. The experience of puberty is closely related to the father's behavior. This means that the father's attitude and behavior in this field can bring different experiences for the participants. Fathers who try to understand the issue correctly and accept it and are in line to support their daughter, help a lot to accept the issue in their youth. Unlike those fathers who are indifferent to the issue and neglect it, he has turned puberty into a problematic phenomenon in which the girl experiences a sense of shame and secrecy, and in some cases, a decrease in self-confidence and disgust from this natural phenomenon. The three themes which explored are: supportive father, neglectful father and problematic puberty. The experience of puberty among girls with fathers’ custody is more related to the father's point of view and the role of fatherhood. This shows that in these cases puberty experience is more social than biological. In fact, the girl's puberty experience is a social, masculine and paternal thing that is related with social and cultural values. The problematization of puberty and menstruation in families where the mother is not present and the society is taboo is more, which is the result of lack of knowledge about the natural mechanism of the body, necessary care during menstruation, etc. It is suggested that due to the expansion of single-parent families especially fathers, education about puberty and menstrual health should be promoted in schools, educational booklets for girls and fathers about menstruation should be published, and open and honest communication between fathers and daughters should be encouraged.
Sociology
mahmoud mohammadi
Abstract
Increasing the level of education of women and girls, increasing the level of employment and economic activities, as well as the presence in the virtual space and membership in social networks, has led to women's rethinking of gender roles. This change in attitude and feeling has led to their more active ...
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Increasing the level of education of women and girls, increasing the level of employment and economic activities, as well as the presence in the virtual space and membership in social networks, has led to women's rethinking of gender roles. This change in attitude and feeling has led to their more active presence in the public sphere. They want to gain more power than in the past and play a more important role in redefining and rebuilding society. This tendency of girls to be present in public spaces and activism in social, educational, economic, and political fields is a sign of changes in girls' perception of the role of femininity and girlhood in society. The purpose of this article is to represent the lived experiences and perceptions of Farhangian University female students about girlhood. In this way, this article answers this question: How are lived experiences of female students of Farhangian University about girlhood?This research is qualitative and describes and analyzes students' lived experiences of girlhood. The phenomenological approach is a suitable method for investigating people's lived experiences. The sample of research in this article is female students of Alborz Farhangian University. Based on this, the lived experiences of 22 students were collected. The age of the participants was between 20 and 23 years and all the students were female. The data collection method is a semi-structured interview. Students answered three general questions.1- How do you describe being a girl?2- What issues and problems have you faced due to being a girl?3- How do you feel and understand the general perception (society, family, acquaintances, etc.) of girlhood?After collecting the interviews, data analysis began. The data analysis method is thematic analysis. Narratives of the investigated samples of girlhood were categorized into 3 main themes: characteristics of girlhood, problems of girlhood, and agency of girlhood.1- Characteristics of girlhood: Most of the examined samples highlighted the emotional characteristics and emotional behaviors of girls and emphasized the importance of feelings and emotions in the lives of girls. The studied samples have expressed the feeling of security and peace and the need for affection and attention as the basic needs of girls. Also, the investigated samples listed girls as having emotional characteristics such as patience, sadness, and kindness.2- Problems of girlhood: The studied samples have expressed the problems of girls in society in three categories: restriction and deprivation, injustice and discrimination, and social misconceptions towards girls. The feeling of restriction and deprivation in the family, social, cultural, and economic spheres for girls is one of the most important problems that the majority of students have mentioned in their experiences. They have stated that they have faced family, social, cultural, and economic deprivations and restrictions in their everyday experiences. Also, the feeling of injustice and discrimination has been repeated in most of the examined samples. Almost all the examined samples have implicitly and openly pointed out that they have faced injustice and discrimination in social life. Also, the investigated samples were dissatisfied with some social misconceptions that are common about girls and protested against them. They have stated in their experiences that many people in society see girls and women as the second sex that needs care and control. Also, they think that women and girls are weak and incomplete so they are dependent on men and they cannot manage their lives without men. These social perceptions towards women and girls strongly cause deprivation and restrictions for girls and provide the necessary grounds and justifications for injustice and discrimination against girls.3- the agency of girlhood: Examining the lived experiences of student girls shows that they are dissatisfied with some common misconceptions about girls and are looking for active agency and activism in the public and social sphere. The studied students were strongly seeking to change and correct social misconceptions about girls by intervening in society and showing their capabilities and talents.Half of society is made up of women and girls. One of the methods that help to understand and recognize women's society is to examine the perceptions of femininity and girlhood in the society of women and girls. The results of this research show that girls' perceptions about the roles of femininity and girlhood in society have changed. This change in perception of girlhood has led to their tendency to be more present in public spaces and they want to be active in institutions and areas that determine their social fate in society.
Women's Studies
Hamideh Dabbaghi; Kosar Mohammadi; Somayeh Jamshidi
Abstract
The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic ...
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The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic contexts have always influenced the relationships and interactions between men and women and their gender roles in the family. They have regulated the relationships between them throughout the history of family development. This paper describes the women's experience of domestic labor division with their husbands in the family. In addition, analytical concepts such as gender equality in the division of domestic labor, economic dependency, and gender deviation neutralization (in gender roles) under the theory of relative resources have been used. Also, the thematic analysis method and semi-structured interviews with 15 women, including employed women and housewives in the age groups of 20 to 60 years used in this paper. Then interviews were analyzed by Max QDA 2018 software to extract the relationship pattern of couples in the division of domestic labor. The findings indicate the extraction of 2 main themes of non-participation in the division of domestic labor and participation in the division of domestic labor, seven sub-themes including stubborn femininity, hegemonic masculinity, favorable or unfavorable obvious challenge, economic triangulation, passive/hidden resistance, gradual participation of men. and equality in relations, and 228 concepts. stubborn femininity or hidden feminism theme refers to the power and dominance of women in the family. The second theme refers to self-sufficiency because of absence of a man at home, the man's imprisonment, the man's incapacity, or the death of a man are forced to take care of and breadwinner. In relationships based on persuasion, women accept more tasks because of some reasonable evaluation of men’s function during other areas. The economic triangulation of women is a form of the relationship between men and women when they are equal in strength and power. Women’s hidden and passive resistance gradually causes men to participate in household chores. In gradual participation, men learn to participate in household chores through socialization from the group of relatives and friends and the assignment of partial and incremental tasks from the woman to the man. The last theme of couples' relationships is based on the understanding or extensive participation of men and women in household chores which ends to equal involvement. Both men and women try to participate intellectually, emotionally, psychologically, and behaviorally and experience gender roles as much as possible. The variety of types introduced in the Iranian family shows the change and evolution in the traditional Iranian society and the agency and rethinking by women in gender roles and the division of conventional domestic work.However, regarding the causes and contexts of the formation of this ideal relationship between the studied couples, it is not possible to refer to foreign studies and the experiences of women in other countries, such as Eastern European countries and France, which are based on egalitarian ideas through the promotion of women's participation in the workforce or countries with family policies such as Norway and gender ideology, he said. Instead, the ethnic, cultural, and social diversity under the macro-policy strategies in the field of the Iranian family under Islamic thought and influenced by the characteristic of collectivism in the Iranian culture creates a different experience for Iranian women and can be a debatable issue in future studies. But what can be accepted without a doubt is that Iranian women are entering a process of rethinking the division of work and power in the family and the beginning of the process of redistributing family responsibilities.
