Women's Studies
Mohammad Hassan Fotros; Maryam Najmi; Abbas Memarzadeh
Abstract
One of the biggest developments of the recent decades has been dramatic women’s participation in social and economic fields, and in this regard, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor market as one of the important and influential factors in economic growth, and fertility ...
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One of the biggest developments of the recent decades has been dramatic women’s participation in social and economic fields, and in this regard, the relationship between women’s participation in the labor market as one of the important and influential factors in economic growth, and fertility rate as one of the effective factors in population growth, has been taken into account. Many empirical studies have shown the relationship between women’s employment and fertility rate to be negative. On the one hand, many researchers found that in the European countries, there was a negative correlation between these two variables in the labor market before the 1980s, while the correlation became positive afterwards. Therefore, in this study, using 1360-1392 annual data, extracted from central bank and statistical center of Iran, and ARDL BOUND TESTING approach, we investigate the relationship between employment rate and fertility. The findings indicate that the impact of marriage age, urbanization rate, and per capita income on fertility rate is negative while the effect of women’s employment rate on fertility rate is positive. This indicates that, increased employment rate and thereby creation of financial security give rise to an increase in the tendency for fertility among women; therefore, the negative relationship shown in previous studies is not confirmed.
Women's Studies
Masoud Kosari; Amirali Tafreshi; Masoumeh Sadat Alavi Nekoo
Abstract
The Islamic Revolution of Iran can be identified as the emergence of a discursive transformation in Iranian society. This revolution, not only was indicative of a discursive and semantic transformation in the context of the Iranian society, but also it was able to create a new sign and a new meaning ...
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The Islamic Revolution of Iran can be identified as the emergence of a discursive transformation in Iranian society. This revolution, not only was indicative of a discursive and semantic transformation in the context of the Iranian society, but also it was able to create a new sign and a new meaning within the context of global discourses; thus, Foucault also mentioned this revolution as "the soul of a world repulsions." The present study for understanding the characteristics of this discursive evolution, aimed to study its most influential theorist, Imam Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Revolution. Given the necessity of creating boundaries for the study of discourse analysis, one of the most controversial discourse disciplines, that is, the discursive order of female identity, was chosen for study in this discourse. At the next phase, according to the macro view and the abstract mapping of discursive articulation, using Laclau and Mouffe's approach, this theory and method was chosen for analyzing the discourse of Imam Khomeini's speeches. According to the findings, the central sign of this discourse is "preservation of chastity and religiosity" and despite the conformity of some of the signs of this discourse with hegemonic discourses in the Western world, such as "social activity" and "freedom," all this is defined around "The preservation of chastity and religiosity" in this discourse, and a meaning different from other discourses is created. This discourse, which emerges in the apparent controversy with the second Pahlavi’s discourse, is also seriously deconstructing its hostile discourse-especially in the case of removing the shame from society- and attempts to marginalize it. Among epistemes that these two conflicting discourses have used to marginalize their rival discourse, are " being foreign", "seeing women as objects", "ignorance", " negligence" and " "approval of prostitution." On the contrary, the well-known fundamental epistemes that these two discourses have used for their hegemony in the Discursive Order of feminine identity include: "belief in progress", "support of freedom", "respect for women", "belief in equality of women and men" and "being civilized".
Women's Studies
Akbar Zare Shahabadi; Mojtaba Shafiee Nejad; Javad Madahi
Abstract
Suicidal behavior is defined as a non-fatal act wherein the person consciously and purposefully and without the interference of others, in order to achieve the desired changes, does self-painful and self-harmful acts, which is understood and interpreted in various ways by different people. The purpose ...
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Suicidal behavior is defined as a non-fatal act wherein the person consciously and purposefully and without the interference of others, in order to achieve the desired changes, does self-painful and self-harmful acts, which is understood and interpreted in various ways by different people. The purpose of this research, Background discovery and has been involved in Suicide emprise Through perception and the intrinsic meaning women who have been involved in this process. Study with qualitative methods and deep interview among women was Abdanan city. The sample consisted of 23 women who participated have experienced suicide That in terms of age, education, place of residence, marital status were different. A sample of purposive sampling was used to collect data from interview. Data were analyzed with no coding style. According to the findings, women collaborator perceive Suicide is a way to express and achieve the desired In order to try to hegemonic behavior, restrictions, slander and selfishness, react and manage it. In the end, improve supporting role in suicide prevention as a strategy is very important.
Women's Studies
Reza Esmaeil Pour; Hamid Reza Tafaghodi
Abstract
The current paper aims to analyze the factors that prevent women’s job advancement and promotion in organizations. In this study, qualitative methodology and Directed Qualitative Content Analysis approaches were applied, and 16 women of the municipal districts 2, 4, 13, 16, and 22 of Tehran ...
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The current paper aims to analyze the factors that prevent women’s job advancement and promotion in organizations. In this study, qualitative methodology and Directed Qualitative Content Analysis approaches were applied, and 16 women of the municipal districts 2, 4, 13, 16, and 22 of Tehran were interviewed during a four-month period from May, 2016 to August, 2016. After repeated review and analysis of the written interviews, 85 semantic units, 33 codes, 5 classes, and 2 themes were extracted. Two concepts of Social-Cultural Requirements and Role Requirements were recognized as the research themes as well as the main factors preventing women from job promotion. Social-Cultural Requirements are related to the factors which are obstacles to women's job promotion, as the forces from society structure. Role Requirements are related to the factors which do not prevent job promotion directly, but ruin women personal passion for advancement, by affecting their inner desire. Based on this study, it is concluded that by focusing on Role Requirements, the obstacles to women' job promotion can be overcome.
Women's Studies
Esmail Karami Dehkordi; Roghayeh Babaee
Abstract
Rural women play an important role in supporting their rural households' livelihoods and can significantly contribute to the sustainable natural resources management programmes. The current research aims to investigate rural women's livelihood activities and their related needs for enhancing their knowledge ...
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Rural women play an important role in supporting their rural households' livelihoods and can significantly contribute to the sustainable natural resources management programmes. The current research aims to investigate rural women's livelihood activities and their related needs for enhancing their knowledge and social capacities. The study was conducted using a case study through participatory rapid appraisal techniques in the Ghezel Tape Aligholi Village located in the Zanjan Province of Iran. Rural women contributed to their households' livelihoods through various livelihood strategies, comprising non-agricultural activities including carpet weaving; agricultural activities dependent on rangelands, specially collecting naturally medicinal and edible plants; and agricultural activities with low dependency on rangelands, particularly product harvest and local processing. Assessing rural women' needs showed that they mostly needed updated knowledge and skills regarding proper harvest, processing and packaging of horticultural and dairy products, natural resources conservation methods, new agricultural and non-agricultural activities, and higher literacy. The necessity to improve rural women's environmental attitude, particularly about rural waste management was also recognised to be an important need. Moreover, they need to strengthen their social capacities, particularly in regard to influencing agricultural markets, relations and trust in rural communities and with external actors, and strengthening rural women organisations. These needs imply the necessity of developing agricultural extension and natural resources management programmes for human and social capacity building of rural women.
Women's Studies
Susan Bastani; Shohre Rowshani; Nahle Gharavi Naeeni
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is ...
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The current study aims to investigate the way married women living in Tehran face with disruption of sense of tranquility in marital life. This research has been done using grounded theory method and deep interview technique. As a result of encounter with disruption of sense of tranquility, which is the result of the gap between the assets and demands of women, it has become necessary for women to adopt a set of strategies with two general approaches of "change in assets" including modification of the spousal relationship, management of interactive problems with families, improvement of the status of children, attention to self and removal of structural barriers, with the aim of changing the available status into a desirable one, and "change in demands" including reduced demands, patience and forgiveness and selection of the null relationship, with the aim of accepting the available status. Choosing these strategies and their effectiveness is affected by a set of conditions such as “decision-making factors" including the husband's approach, religious beliefs, dominance of affection and exterior constraint.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Taghi Karami Ghahi; Mohsen Akhbari
Abstract
Exploring the relationship between gender and ethics is the common concern of some feminist scholars. From this perspective, feminists criticize the traditional morality for ignoring the importance of cultural values as well as the moral experience of women with a view of patriarchy. Therefore, they ...
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Exploring the relationship between gender and ethics is the common concern of some feminist scholars. From this perspective, feminists criticize the traditional morality for ignoring the importance of cultural values as well as the moral experience of women with a view of patriarchy. Therefore, they express various approaches and ideas, trying to address a new formulation of moral relations and system appropriate to gender. Female attitudes to ethics emphasize on personal relationships and the ethics of care, engaging in the value of human relationships. Besides, maternal approaches assert the special relationship between mother and child as a moral and interactive pattern. For this reason, these gender-based approaches unlike traditional morality which contains the general rules of morality, impartiality and rational ideas are non-holistic, context-driven, objective, and emotion-oriented.
Women's Studies
Zahra Farazizade; Mahbobe Babaei
Abstract
The theme of leisure, spent by different groups of people, and its possible consequences, suggest new ways in human life. Leisure with all cultural, social, political and economic aspects, is important free time spent in different time periods and spaces by all groups of society in many ways. Understanding ...
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The theme of leisure, spent by different groups of people, and its possible consequences, suggest new ways in human life. Leisure with all cultural, social, political and economic aspects, is important free time spent in different time periods and spaces by all groups of society in many ways. Understanding how to spend leisure time among different people can be a basis for the analysis of social trends and changes. Women's Leisure in rural community has less been considered. In the present study, the situation of rural women's leisure in Hasan Abad in the Delfan was studied. In this study, leisure time among different generations and with respect to having agricultural land and water was assessed using qualitative method. Techniques such as participant observation, interviews and focus group discussions with twenty-two of the rural women for data collection and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. Based on the results, the change of seasons, possession of farmland, water, livestock and poultry determine the amount of leisure time in rural women. The types of leisure activities and the amount of time allocated to them in different generations of rural women in comparison to the past have changed. As young rural women have little interest in carrying out agricultural activities because of changing values compared to other generations, there is more leisure time for them. Also, the type of leisure activities as a result of new developments, have changed. Middle-aged women in productive activities, market and non-market have the greatest participation, and consequently, their leisure activities are mainly focused on refreshment. Older women are involved in productive activities, market and non-market, and their leisure activities are focused on facilitation life in the village. They, in their leisure time, produce skin rugs, cotton and yarn.
Women's Studies
Yaghoob Foroutan; Mina Shojaee
Abstract
Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. ...
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Women's status has experienced significant progress in most parts of the world in recent decades. However, the gender gap still exists in many countries. This study investigates the status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region from a comparative perspective. It uses such international indices as Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Gender Gap Index. The methodology of the study is a secondary analysis using descriptive exploratory analysis and cluster analysis techniques on international data. Generally speaking, the results of this analysis highlight two key patterns. First, while all the MENA women are considered within one single category, they tend to hold a relatively lower level of gender outcomes and represent more visible gender gap in global comparison. Second, more detailed analysis emphasizes the substantial heterogeneity of the MENA women, suggesting that there is a significantly wide range of socio-economic patterns associated with women’s status by individual country in the region. This diversity needs to be carefully considered in order to provide an appropriate explanation on patterns and determinants associated with the MENA women’s status.
Women's Studies
Fateme Modiri; Ali Rahimi
Abstract
This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method ...
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This paper aims to study the effect of women's employment on family stability, and compares Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of cross-sectional survey consistes of married people in Tehran. 1736 samples were selected and analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used and due to the different economic and social classes of people, 50 domains were selected in Tehran. A questionnaire was employed using Pearson correlation, variance analysis, and mean difference. The results show that men's marital happiness in dual-worker families are more than single-worker families. In men single-worker families, high income and occupational status is associated with lower marital happiness, while in women single-worker families, high income is associated with higher marital happiness. Correlation between marital happiness and tendency to divorce in women dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and in men is less. Shared spending money in dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and conflict between work and family is less. In general, it can be said that there is no evidence showing women's employment is in conflict with family stability but women's employment provides resources that can be used in dealing with unhappy marriage. The implementation of appropriate employmen policies can help stability of the family. The findings confirm theories of exchange, economic opportunity and new home economics.
Women's Studies
Ali Yaghoobi; Haniyeh Moghaddas Yazdi
Abstract
The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. ...
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The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. For this reason, thirty people were interviewed. Then, the interviews were examined using theme analysis method. On the basis of the obtained conversations, women are classified into three classes including agreementative, combined, and refractory clearly depicting Cannel's theory in compatible, combined and refractory femininty. The findings show that the main reason of feminine changes is growth of media and social network usage.
Women's Studies
Ali Hossein Hosseinzadeh; Marziyeh Shahryari; Maryam Farji Behbahanizadeh
Abstract
In the family, women can benefit from the newest information and knowledge on various life subjects and use them to train other members of the family; they can also use the knowledge to replce new and optimal beliefs with the false ones thereby oncreasing the soci-cultural level of the family more than ...
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In the family, women can benefit from the newest information and knowledge on various life subjects and use them to train other members of the family; they can also use the knowledge to replce new and optimal beliefs with the false ones thereby oncreasing the soci-cultural level of the family more than before. In this study, family economic efficiency including women's participation in household income, modifying consumption behaviors, women’s control over family consumption, maternal affection to create economic discipline and training children about the right economic behavior such as division of labor and roles in the family, has been examined. To identify the components listed above, the theories of resources, power, empowerment and system theory have been used. The method of this study is the survey data, using structured questionnaires obtained from a sample of 200 married women in Ahwaz city. Multi-stage stratified sampling has been used. Results show that variables such as women's participation in household income, modifying consumption behaviors, women’s control over family consumption, maternal affection to create economic discipline and training children about the right economic behavior has a positive relationship with dependent variable of economic efficiency Based on the results obtained from multiple regression analysis, women's participation in the cost of a family's income and modification of consumption behaviors are the most important factors of economic productivity, and presented a coefficient of determination of 0.39 to explain the chnages of family economic efficiency.
Women's Studies
Abdolreza Javan Jaafary Bojnordy; Seyyed Mahdi Seyyedzadeh Sany; Mohadeseh Maldar Mohamad Hasanzadeh Mashhady
Abstract
Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees ...
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Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees in Mashhad urban space and study the factors influencing their victimization. This study was conducted using survey method and the researchers have considered the Afghan refugee women residing in Mashhad as the statistical society in order to study the influence of migration on victimization of women. Moreover, the situation of refugee women was compared with that of the Iranian women by using 112 Iranaian women living in Mashhad in the same condition as the control group. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Questionnaires were completed by Afghan refugee women and Iranian women in areas 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 of Mashhad. Findings from this study indicate that there are significant relationships among the personal, environmental and economic characteristics and the victimization of women, at 95 percent level. Notably, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between age, education and veil with victimization of women in some crimes against persons such as rape, sexual assault, kidnapping, assault and beating; because among them were some young women, low-veiled, uneducated or uninformed who were reported to be more victimized than others. Also, women who had some kinds of disorder in their family, had experienced more crimes within and outside family. Women's employment in black jobs, in workshops around the city, in unknown and unofficial environments and unregulated and even their night work, is a risk factor casuing women victimization. Finally, it was determined that there is a relationship between the location of women with their victimization in all crimes.
Women's Studies
Amir Rastegar Khaled
Abstract
Attitude toward motherhood among societies has changed over time and fertility rates have decreased. Mothering and motherhood are rapidly expanding subjects of the literature of the context. A set of these studies has a more macro focus in terms of origins of motherhood and how it is manifested in practice. ...
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Attitude toward motherhood among societies has changed over time and fertility rates have decreased. Mothering and motherhood are rapidly expanding subjects of the literature of the context. A set of these studies has a more macro focus in terms of origins of motherhood and how it is manifested in practice. In the current research, based on Parson's general theory of action (A.G.I.L), motherhood is conceptualized as a kind of action system. In light of this theory, motherhood has four main dimensions: biological, psychological, social and cultural. Accordingly, this study examined the influence of women's religiousness on their motherhood attitudes. This study explores how aspects and type of religiousness are related to attitude toward motherhood. Random sampling method was used and 384 women were selected from city of Tehran. The factors explaining the connection between religiousness and motherhood are also examined. Multiple measures of religiousness and motherhood are considered in multivariate regression models. The results indicate that religious women have more traditional or positive attitudes toward motherhood.
Women's Studies
Hussein Raghfar; Mehdi Soleimani
Abstract
The present research aims to study the relationship between cultural, social and economic factors conducted by imam Khomeini Relief Committee and poverty alleviation among divorced women and widows. To do so, divorced women and widows from Aleshtar city were chosen as the statistical society of the research. ...
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The present research aims to study the relationship between cultural, social and economic factors conducted by imam Khomeini Relief Committee and poverty alleviation among divorced women and widows. To do so, divorced women and widows from Aleshtar city were chosen as the statistical society of the research. 120 subjects were randomly selected using clustering method. Questionnaire was used to collect data. To analyze data, spearman coefficient, Kendalls Tau-b, and step- regression statics were used. Also, Amos software was used in structural equations modeling frame. The research results showed that there is a significant relationship between the extent of low-interest loans, self- employment plans, and public training and widows and divorced women`s poverty alleviation. Also, the role of Relief Commite`s non-monetary helps in women`s poverty alleviation was not verified. The findings imply that the emphasis on low-interest loans and women`s participation in self- employment, training and public education programs has a positive effect on this organization`s performance to alleviate women`s poverty.
Women's Studies
Maryam Mokhtari; Abdolah Fazeli
Abstract
Today gender segregation in the workplace is increasingly sensitive. Thus analysis of the reasons behind such phenomenon is of fundamental importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the Occupational Gender Segregation among Ahwaz Public Libraries Foundation employees with emphasis on the role ...
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Today gender segregation in the workplace is increasingly sensitive. Thus analysis of the reasons behind such phenomenon is of fundamental importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the Occupational Gender Segregation among Ahwaz Public Libraries Foundation employees with emphasis on the role of work values. The method of this research is survey and data were collected by questionnaire in 1393. Population consists of 72 employees of Ahwaz Public Libraries Foundation. This research has been conducted using consensus method. Results showed a significant difference of four dimensions of work values, namely, work/life-balance values, social work values, intrinsic work values and extrinsic work values between men and women. In other words, women have higher work/life-balance values and social work values whereas men have higher intrinsic and extrinsic work values.
Women's Studies
Majid Kafi; Leila Bahmani; Maryam Sadat Delavar
Abstract
The present study is based on the assumption that the more the women enjoy the cultural capital, the higher their position in the power structure of the family and the more their bargaining power will become. For evaluating the aforementioned theory, the required data were attained through survey methodology ...
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The present study is based on the assumption that the more the women enjoy the cultural capital, the higher their position in the power structure of the family and the more their bargaining power will become. For evaluating the aforementioned theory, the required data were attained through survey methodology and questionnaire tool and a sample size of 385 married women residing in Shiraz was selected. The sampling method was multistage random and random and for analyzing the data and testing the theories, the statistical methods of correlation coefficient, multivariable regression, and path analysis were used. The findings show a significant relationship between the types of cultural capital (institutionalized, embodied, and objectified) and the women's power in family; which means that by increasing the types of cultural capital in women, their power would increase too. Amongst the whole underlying variables, men's education, women's employment and family dimension suggest a significant relationship with the women's power. The results of regressive coefficients show that three variables of employment, family members, and cultural capital play a role according to their importance in determining the dependent variable and in general, they describe 40% of the dependent variable of the variance (R2= 0.40).
Women's Studies
Khalil Gholami; Naser Shirbagi; Delsuz Hosseini
Abstract
The present research investigated the nature of power among women's principals in order to develop a theoretical framework. Relying on critical epistemology and qualitative approach, we used grounded theory to study the problem. Using a purposeful and theoretical sampling, we selected women and men's ...
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The present research investigated the nature of power among women's principals in order to develop a theoretical framework. Relying on critical epistemology and qualitative approach, we used grounded theory to study the problem. Using a purposeful and theoretical sampling, we selected women and men's principals as well as the men whose spouses were employed in schools. We collected data with semi-structured interview. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and after three stage of coding, institutional discrimination was considered as core category. In addition, political, cultural and mental structures were considered as casual conditions affected the core category. Family- official responsibilities, educational context and media were found to be the mediating factors that affected the hegemony of masculinity in society. The women enhanced a kind of epistemic hope in order to empower themselves and struggle with these hegemonic conditions.
Women's Studies
Ali shams; Halimeh Razmi; Mohammad- Hossein Shahir
Abstract
Production of family poultry is one of the activities which women in the villages participate and several factors effect on their participation in these activities. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate factors related to the participation level of ...
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Production of family poultry is one of the activities which women in the villages participate and several factors effect on their participation in these activities. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate factors related to the participation level of rural women in family poultry activities. The Statistical population consisted all rural households in Maragheh County (N=22564) which 224 of them were selected based on Cochran sampling formula and using multi-stage randomized sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-constructed questionnaire whose validity verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to check its reliability. A pretest conducted and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient were higher than 0.7 for different parts of the questionnaire. The results showed that all family members are involved in family poultry activities, but the participation of women was higher than other family members. On average, women participated 77.35 percent in activities and incubator related activity and nesting activities had lower and higher rate of participation, respectively. The participation level of women had a negative meaningful correlation with their age, education, husband's education, households’ numbers, the size of poultry folk and their knowledge but a positive meaningful correlation with their attitudes and women's share of income gaining from poultry and products selling.
Women's Studies
Khalil Ali Mohammadzadeh; Parivash Afradi Asbaghrani
Abstract
Based on statistical evidence, rate of cesarean in Iran is quite high ranking Iran the second country in the world; in terms of the highest cesarean rates, various parameters affect decision of delivery mode in pregnant women. One way to reduce caesarean sections ...
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Based on statistical evidence, rate of cesarean in Iran is quite high ranking Iran the second country in the world; in terms of the highest cesarean rates, various parameters affect decision of delivery mode in pregnant women. One way to reduce caesarean sections is to identify these factors and their impacts. The aim of this study is to identify factors affecting willingness to cesarean section in pregnant women and the correlation between them to reduce the willingness to C-section. This study was examined in a cross-sectional way by means of stochastic and available selection procedure, within the second half of 2014, on pregnant women who live in Tehran. In the semi-structured survey with the answer package (5 point Likert scale), five effective factors to predict willingness to cesarean were examined including psychological, environmental and socio-cultural factors, as well as conditions and outcomes of childbirth; structural equation modeling (SEM) method and Amossoftware were utilized in order to confirm the parameters. Among the 5 factors affecting willingness to cesarean section in pregnant women, "fear of natural childbirth" related to psychological factors and the component "Not to put pressure on the baby's head" and "no shoulder dislocation other physical damages” caused by Caesarean section related to the consequences of childbirth, have the greatest impact. Also the results of this study demonstrated that the highest and lowest correlations are related to conditions and consequences and socio-cultural and psychological factors respectively. Therefore, we can help pregnant women to recognize their capabilities and overcome their fear of pain by improving the level of pregnant women’s awareness and using natural vaginal delivery techniques with lower pain.
Women's Studies
Fakhrosadat Nasiri Valekboni; Mohammad Reza Ardalan; Roghayeh Beheshtirad
Abstract
The current study aims to examine the effect of Glass Cliff on work engagement with the mediator roe of organizational silence. The statistical population consists of all formal staff of women in Bu-Ali University of hamedan, totally 88, among which 52 were selected by stratified ...
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The current study aims to examine the effect of Glass Cliff on work engagement with the mediator roe of organizational silence. The statistical population consists of all formal staff of women in Bu-Ali University of hamedan, totally 88, among which 52 were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data were gathered through three questionnaires, the glass cliff, organizational silence and work engagement. The validity of the questionnaires was determined based on viewpoints of experts in management and educational sciences. The combined reliability of questionnaires was measured by Dillon-Goldstein coefficient and Average Variance Extracted. The combined reliability of both questionnaires was more than 0.7 and Average Variance Extracted was more than 0.5. The data after collecting were analyzed by Excel, VisualPLS and SmartPLS, Pearson test and with Self-test system, Q2 Stone- Geisser index and Goodness of fit index. The results indicate that the direct effect of the glass cliff on job engagement is negative and significant, but the direct effect of these variables on organizational silence is significant and positive. Also, an effect of organizational silence on work engagement is negative and significant. Indirect effect of glass cliff on work engagement with mediating role of organizational silence is negative and significant.
Women's Studies
Hossein Athari; Abolghasem Shahriyari
Abstract
Political participation is an indication of democracy and political development and legitimacy in different societies. The more participation in a society occurs, the more legitimacy a political system will have. So, the efforts of Iranian political system are toward increasing people’s political ...
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Political participation is an indication of democracy and political development and legitimacy in different societies. The more participation in a society occurs, the more legitimacy a political system will have. So, the efforts of Iranian political system are toward increasing people’s political participation rate. Since half of the Iranian world consists of women, a survey on the factors affecting their political participation can make us understand how and why the political participation is done and reveal the solutions to increase women’s participation. The purpose of this paper which has been done through survey-research method is to consider the factors that affect the political participation of women in Booshehr. The sample size is comprised of 350 persons who have been selected by cluster sampling (urban areas) and random sampling. The obtained results show that women in Booshehr have either mass or observational participation. The equation obtained by regression shows that the variable of political awareness has the most effect on increasing women’s political participation. After that, variables of being religious, educational level, feeling of powerlessness, social rank, feeling of political efficacy, and membership in communities have the most effect on women’s political participation. Among these variables, the variable of political powerlessness has negative effects on political participation.
Women's Studies
Rohollah Rezaei; Shima Zareei
Abstract
Regarding the undeniable role of women in the process of rural development on the one hand and their inappropriate situation in terms of the most indices of rural development on the other hands, rural women’s empowerment is essential. Meanwhile, many researchers and scholars believe that social ...
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Regarding the undeniable role of women in the process of rural development on the one hand and their inappropriate situation in terms of the most indices of rural development on the other hands, rural women’s empowerment is essential. Meanwhile, many researchers and scholars believe that social capital and its components play a key role. Thus, the main purpose of this descriptive- correlative research was to study of the viewpoints of rural women on effect of social capital components on their empowerment in Hassan- Khan village in Ghorveh Township.The statistical population of the research consisted of all women in Hassan- Khan village ranged from 15 to 64 years old (N= 213). According to the Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample size of 165 was selected using random sampling technique. The questionnaire were used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The construct validity and the composite reliability of the research instrument were tested by estimating the measurement model and they were satisfied after making necessary corrections. The results showed that the main hypotheses of the research have verified and three components of social capital including social cohesion, participation and trust had a positive and significant effect on dependent variable. The components totally explained about 43 percent of variances of women's empowerment in Hassan- Khan village. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that increasing social capital of rural women directly results in their empowerment.
Women's Studies
Behjat Yazdkhasti; Sayed Ali mohammad Azarbakhsh; Raziyeh Mortazavi Ab Alvan
Abstract
Gender factor can have a significant impact on the organization or even an individual with certain gender characteristics can be different from organization to organization, the degree of acceptance of the models and assumptions underlying the organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate ...
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Gender factor can have a significant impact on the organization or even an individual with certain gender characteristics can be different from organization to organization, the degree of acceptance of the models and assumptions underlying the organization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between gender and culture at the National Library of the Islamic Republic. This study applied a descriptive- survey. For collecting the survey data, standard questionnaire used. Denison with 60 questions and four sections were collected. Statistical analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 20 software has been made. The results showed that the average overall score of "corporate culture based on the National Library of Dennison" Less than average level is. Most points after engaging in work (participatory) (mean 01.3) and lowest points in the mission rocker (Mission) (mean 83.2) have been obtained in the field theory has been achieved. The results showed that among the four dimensions of organizational culture that includes gender and conflict at work (participatory), adaptability (stability and integrity), adaptability (flexibility) and taking the mission (mission) are not statistically significant and researcher's claim was not confirmed and the observed difference between the mean scores based on gender, according to the twelve indicators of organizational culture, empowerment, team building, development potential, intrinsic value, consistency and coherence, flexibility, customer orientation, organizational learning and landscape variables, gender was not significant, but Indicators such agreements, strategic direction and goals and this difference was significant.
Women's Studies
Soheyla Sadeghi Fasaei; Marziye Ebrahimi
Abstract
While men’s violence is assessed within their social life, women’s violence is attributed to personal factors, such as mental stress, aggression and/or womanish nervousness, regardless of social factors. Unlike such a common interpretation that tries to associate violence of women with interpretations ...
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While men’s violence is assessed within their social life, women’s violence is attributed to personal factors, such as mental stress, aggression and/or womanish nervousness, regardless of social factors. Unlike such a common interpretation that tries to associate violence of women with interpretations of stereotypes and individual, in this article, violence of women will be explained in terms of life experiences. The present study is a qualitative study conducted by in-depth interviews with 30 women who have been in prison for committing violent crimes at the time of the interviews (between 2012 to 2014), it was found that women are mainly exposed to violence, and the interpretation of violent crimes of women is not possible regardless of structural inequalities, gender inequalities, marginalization and powerlessness. The story of the women interviewed shows that women’s violence reflects their lifestyle which is intertwined by the exclusions and discrimination of individual, family and community; in other words, women’s violence can be considered as a kind of opposition against the conditions that constantly put them into the victim position. Backgrounds and lifestyles of the women under study show that many of them experienced physical, emotional, mental violence and sexual abuse during their childhood, or they have constantly been exposed to mandatory and aggressive relationship due to forced and early marriage which in fact reflects the cultural definitions of the role of men.
