Women's Studies
zeinab moradinezhad; mohammad taghi karami; Saeedeh Amini; saeed zokaei
Abstract
Iranian women adopt various strategies to enter the field of politics or to face political issues. The purpose of this study is to understand these strategies from the perspective of women. Strategy refers to large-scale approaches that can be explored as a whole from individual behaviors in different ...
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Iranian women adopt various strategies to enter the field of politics or to face political issues. The purpose of this study is to understand these strategies from the perspective of women. Strategy refers to large-scale approaches that can be explored as a whole from individual behaviors in different situations, and in the present article, we are particularly concerned with mechanisms Iranian women use to enter politics and confront political issues and problems? For this purpose, a conceptual - critical approach was developed with an interpretive approach relying on sensitive concepts such as understanding gender inequality, different experience (female lived experience) and slow progression from perspectives such as radical feminism and that of Asif Bayat. This research has been done with a qualitative approach (individual and group interviews) and with the method of content analysis. Based on the results of this study, four types of strategies were identified: bold gender resistance, anticipatory inaction, feminine political attitude (soft strategy) and desperate isolation. Thus it can be said that due to the difference in the method of awareness and its origin in different individuals, the choice of strategy is different among women, and consequently there is a multiplicity of patterns of agency and subjectivity of women in politics. In addition, the results of the study indicate two important points: 1. Gender sensitivities and women's political activism are interconnected and inseparable. 2. Gender can be considered one of the determining factors of political activism in the micro and macro arenas.
Rahman Bagheri; daruish rezapour; esfandiar ghafarinasab
Abstract
Suicide is one of the social injuries in various societies, which is done in a variety of ways; self-immolation is one of the most painful of these practices. The aim of this paper was to the lived experience of women survivors of self-immolation in Kohnani district of Kohdasht city, which during the ...
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Suicide is one of the social injuries in various societies, which is done in a variety of ways; self-immolation is one of the most painful of these practices. The aim of this paper was to the lived experience of women survivors of self-immolation in Kohnani district of Kohdasht city, which during the years 2004 to 2017 committed self-immolation but survived the death. In this qualitative research, researchers have used the method of interpretive phenomenology, purposive sampling and deep interviewing technique with 10 women to collect information. All interviews were recorded and immediately imprinted on paper and analyzed with an interpretive approach.Research findings indicate that the seven main categories of "Cultural Traditionalism", "Economic Challenges", "Lack of Relational skills", "Violence of husbands against women", "Unpleasant divorce", "self-expression and deliverance", and "easy access to the materials of self-immolation"; are contexts and conditions which affect the attempting self-immolation for women. The results of this study indicate the interaction of different cultural-social, economic and psychological dimensions in the process of self-immolation in rural women. Based on the findings, this study offered some suggestions.
Sociology
Firouz Rad; Gita Bilan
Abstract
Iran’s culture is changing, and by these changes preference of fit body usually thin body is growing up among women. Paying too much attention to fitness is the result of a consumer society, and to reach fitness and to have acceptable body size, women try different ways such as body building, aerobic, ...
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Iran’s culture is changing, and by these changes preference of fit body usually thin body is growing up among women. Paying too much attention to fitness is the result of a consumer society, and to reach fitness and to have acceptable body size, women try different ways such as body building, aerobic, etc. So the current study aims to explore the social factors related with women’s tendency towards fitness trends ideals in Tabriz. Theoretical frame is made using theories of Giddens, Guffman, Bourdieu, and Feminism. Population consists of women who go to the gym for fitness in Tabriz. Using survey and multi- stage cluster sampling, fifty-five gyms were chosen and 385 women in these gyms were selected using accidental sampling. The required information was collected by questioner prepared by researcher and data analysis was done by SPSS software. Findings show that the average rate of tendency towards fitness trend ideals among women under study is 111/12. According to the two variable and multi–variable analyses, the variables of age, marital status, feministic attitude, cultural capital, and usage of media have meaningful statistical relation with tendency towards fitness trend ideals. Also, results of multi-liner regression show that the variables of age, marital status, cultural capital, and media usage by having effect on the variables of feministic attitude have relation with the rate of tendency towards fitness trend ideals in Tabriz. According to the results of multi- variable regression, these variables are able to predict 37 percent of changes in the rate of women’s tendency towards fitness trend ideals.
Sociology
Omid Qaderzadeh; Fatemeh Gholami; Elahe Gholami
Abstract
Single girls are among the groups that are subject to rejection because of their fragile and vulnerable situation in social and economic structures. The current study aims to reconstruct the meaning of singleness experience and find the backgrounds and the way single girls encounter singleness through ...
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Single girls are among the groups that are subject to rejection because of their fragile and vulnerable situation in social and economic structures. The current study aims to reconstruct the meaning of singleness experience and find the backgrounds and the way single girls encounter singleness through perception and subjective meaning of the girls who are involved in this process. The current paper was conducted by applying qualitative approach and the grounded theory among single girls of Ivan County. In order to choose the samples, we used purposive sampling and also we used maximum diversity for collecting data from Semi-structured interviews. In this case study, 28 single girls participated. They were different in terms of using economic, social and cultural capitals. The findings suggest that women are subject to singleness because of war trauma and education. In between , stabilization of accepted reasons, the need for commitment, gender-based nature of public space, and accepted restrictions are shown to be the facilitator reason, and dependency depiction in media is represented as confounding condition. Reconstructing the meaning of girls’ experience and understanding singleness imply the camouflage obligation, religious places as a friendly place, politics of presence, tendency to female occupations, rethinking and virtualization of relationships. Based on the current study, girls’ lived experience of singleness results in psychological violence, double isolation, ambiguous future and feeling of being a burden. Also, the core category implies the unavailability of situations.
Rural Development
Heshmatollah Saadi; Hajar Vahdat Moaddab
Abstract
Female heads of households are responsible for the material and spiritual needs of the families because of a deceased, missing, separated, divorced, addicted, disabled (permanent or temporary), imprisonment, ill or military deployed male head of households. Survey research was employed in the study. ...
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Female heads of households are responsible for the material and spiritual needs of the families because of a deceased, missing, separated, divorced, addicted, disabled (permanent or temporary), imprisonment, ill or military deployed male head of households. Survey research was employed in the study. The target population includes rural women heads of households Razan city. Following Cochran’s formula, a sample of 92 participants was randomly selected. After an extensive literature review, a standardized questionnaire for measure of household food insecurity was used. The questionnaire reliability which is estimated by Cronbach’s Alpha was 89.5.Findings of research indicated that food security for 25 percent of women in over and 75 percent of them are different degrees of food insecurity. So food security have significant relationship with factors such as education, the number of children under 18 years old, supervisory status, and home ownership.
Sociology
Amir Rastgar Khaled; Hajer Azimi
Abstract
Female- headed house holds as one of social harmful groups in front of various problems in life among exist conflict at family. The work roles cause doual roles which are important problem for wemen. In this research, effort to use from grounded theory method and done deep interview to 25 person from ...
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Female- headed house holds as one of social harmful groups in front of various problems in life among exist conflict at family. The work roles cause doual roles which are important problem for wemen. In this research, effort to use from grounded theory method and done deep interview to 25 person from female- headed house holds refer to main problem of this women. Results data analysis and paradaim model express that force to play bread- winner role provides condition such as work alienation and sexual harassment in workplace. This condition has very heigh conflict and basis problem like family role overloaded and work role overloaded. The guideline female- headed house holds in this state is establishment balance among family and work roles to cause family nonsupport and work nonsupport to front interpol conflict.
Political sciences
Mahhmoodreza Rahbarghazi; Seyedjavad Emamjomehzadeh; Ali Arefian Jazi
Abstract
Humans, since their creation, have experienced different political systems. In addition, it seems that the training in families is the key to open the future; therefore, it is expected that the family system of each human society nurtures and trains future humans and prepares the present generation for ...
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Humans, since their creation, have experienced different political systems. In addition, it seems that the training in families is the key to open the future; therefore, it is expected that the family system of each human society nurtures and trains future humans and prepares the present generation for the future. The task of families is to empower all members of a society to develop their hidden potentials and provide grounds for realizing them in humans and also to empower the society in identifying its creativities and potentials. Accordingly, deep political advancement and development in societies for attaining determined aims far from radicalism, particularly in the domains of societies and politics, will not be possible without paying attention to the family structure and training methods dominant over this structure. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of different upbringing methods in families from democratic perspectives among male and female citizens of the City of Isfahan in 2015. By dividing upbringing methods into three types of authoritative, tyrannical, and easygoing , the results indicate that authoritative methods with the coefficient of 49.0 causes the increase in the democratic perspectives, but tyrannical methods with an coefficient of -18.0 causes a decrease in democratic perspectives among citizens. In addition, other findings indicate that although the results of the research among men are consistent with the general results of the research, tyrannical methods have no significant correlation with democratic perspectives among the studied women.
economics
Yasser Rezaei Pitenoei; Khadijeh Mohseni
Abstract
Today, sustainable development relies on empowerment of women, as social scientists have always emphasized on the elimination of gender barriers as a prerequisite for the realization of economic and social development. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship ...
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Today, sustainable development relies on empowerment of women, as social scientists have always emphasized on the elimination of gender barriers as a prerequisite for the realization of economic and social development. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between Board Gender Diversity and Internal Control Weaknesses in companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. To test the research hypotheses, financial information of the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange was used between 2012 and 2016. Thus, after applying the limitations in this study, a final sample of 87 companies was selected. In this study, the Board Gender Diversity as independent variable and Internal Control Weaknesses are dependent variables of the research. After measuring the variables of the research, multivariate linear regression analysis was used to test the research hypotheses. Statistical tests were performed using the Eviews econometric software and the statistical data compilation technique. The results obtained from the test indicate that there is a significant relationship between Board Gender Diversity and Internal Control Weaknesses. In other words, the presence of women on the board reduces the company's internal control weaknesses.
fahimeh keshavarzi; babak shamshiri
Abstract
The purpose of this sequential exploratory mixed method research of the type of classification is a formulation of a practical model for development of empowering mothers in Iranian society. In this regard, the qualitative purpose of the research is to explore the framework of applied components in the ...
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The purpose of this sequential exploratory mixed method research of the type of classification is a formulation of a practical model for development of empowering mothers in Iranian society. In this regard, the qualitative purpose of the research is to explore the framework of applied components in the development of empowered mothers and the quantitative purpose of the research is to validate the developed framework, to measure its usefulness and feasibility. Research method in qualitative part, case study and potential research participants included experts and faculty members as well as sample women in Fars province. The sample mothers and 5 women from the sample city with managerial tenure were selected. The method of collecting qualitative data was in-depth interview and study of documents related to the research subject. The content analysis method was used to develop a practical model for developing empowering mothers in Iranian society. Based on the findings of the qualitative part of the research, the model of empowering mothers in Iranian society was explored in 5 themes of organizing personal knowledge, environmental knowledge, personal attitude, environmental attitude, personal skill and environmental skill and 57 basic themes. Based on the findings of the first part of the study, a scale was designed for use in the quantitative section. In the quantitative section, the validity of the framework was measured by the descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of faculty members specializing in psychology, educational sciences, sociology and law, which were selected through purposeful sampling approach and key informants were selected and distributed among them. The framework was validated using Lisrel 8.8 and Spss 21 software and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the model was valid, useful and applicable.
Neda Nasr; Ali Mohammad Naemi
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the relationship between feminism tendencies, self- objectification, thin ideal internalization and gender identity in female students of Islamic Azad University of Sabzebvar (2018). This study was conducted by correlation-descriptive method. The population of this ...
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The current study aims to investigate the relationship between feminism tendencies, self- objectification, thin ideal internalization and gender identity in female students of Islamic Azad University of Sabzebvar (2018). This study was conducted by correlation-descriptive method. The population of this study included 1856 female students of Islamic Azad University of Sabzebvar. Using Morgan table, 318 persons were selected through relative stratified random sampling method. The data were collected using Questionnaires of Burgad & Hides Feminism (1991), Neil and Fredrickson's self-objectification (1997), Stick and Grass thin-idealization (1998) and Schertzer, Laufer, Silvera, & Brad McBride Gender identity (2008). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and Univariate regression methods in SPSS20. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between feminist tendencies and self- objectification; but there was a significant negative correlation with thin ideal internalization and a significant positive relationship with Gender identity. In addition, it was found that feminism tendencies accounted for about 5.4% of the variance in thin ideal internalization and 5.6% of the variance in Gender identity. Therefore, increase in feminism tendencies can reduce thin ideal internalization and increase the Gender identity of female students.
Sociology
Ahmadreza Asgharpourmasouleh; Fariba Firouzi; Gholamreza Sedighouraee
Abstract
Finding and maintaining a job position is influenced by several factors, including gender. Women, especially women who are heads of households, face many concerns in finding and maintaining a job position. This study has focused on participants who are female heads of households and seek help from the ...
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Finding and maintaining a job position is influenced by several factors, including gender. Women, especially women who are heads of households, face many concerns in finding and maintaining a job position. This study has focused on participants who are female heads of households and seek help from the Relief Committee and tries to provide a perceptual image of the job search process and the lived experience of this group of women by using the grounded theory method. Findings show that the job opportunities of the women studied in most cases are so eroding and shaky that they can be considered less illuminating for the future of the client. In these women's lives, the challenges that arise in this process outweigh the potential strengths. They suffer from physical and mental exhaustion due to occupational activity beyond the typical retirement ages, and their physical condition will be threatened in the future. In addition, these women face challenges in the workplace that are related to their gender, which makes the workplace unsafe for them. This insecurity makes them reluctant to accept a job position. As a result, the emphasis on sustainable training is one of the effective strategies to improve their situation.
Nazanin Bashirimanesh; Seyed Hesam Vagfi
Abstract
The effect of female presence on the board on the quality policy of financial informationAbstractWomen make a significant contribution to economic success, which in turn creates value and contributes to the well-being of others. Women pay more attention to social relations and are interested in performing ...
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The effect of female presence on the board on the quality policy of financial informationAbstractWomen make a significant contribution to economic success, which in turn creates value and contributes to the well-being of others. Women pay more attention to social relations and are interested in performing their duties more effectively and are more likely to follow the rules, so their presence on the board of directors of companies can be fruitful and useful. In this study, the role of women's presence on the board on the quality of financial statement information is examined. To test the research hypotheses, the financial information of 125 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1390 to 1398 was used. In this study, the number of women in the composition of the board of directors was an independent variable and variables related to information quality (honest expression, timeliness and comparability) was a dependent variable. The results of testing the research hypotheses using regression method showed that the presence of women in the management structure of listed companies has increased the quality of company information in such a way that the presence of women among board members is the gender diversity of board members. Direct and meaningful on the honest expression of financial statements, the timeliness of financial reports and also increase the comparability of financial statements.Keywords: woman, honest expression, timeliness, comparability
Women's Studies
Ali Yaghoobi; Haniyeh Moghaddas Yazdi
Abstract
The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. ...
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The concept of femininity is similar to a social structure with varied notions in different time and backgrounds. This article aims to develop a typology of girl students of Guilan University. In the current study, semi-organized interviwes aiming for tageted sampling and qualitative methods are employed. For this reason, thirty people were interviewed. Then, the interviews were examined using theme analysis method. On the basis of the obtained conversations, women are classified into three classes including agreementative, combined, and refractory clearly depicting Cannel's theory in compatible, combined and refractory femininty. The findings show that the main reason of feminine changes is growth of media and social network usage.
Women's Studies
Ali shams; Halimeh Razmi; Mohammad- Hossein Shahir
Abstract
Production of family poultry is one of the activities which women in the villages participate and several factors effect on their participation in these activities. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate factors related to the participation level of ...
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Production of family poultry is one of the activities which women in the villages participate and several factors effect on their participation in these activities. The purpose of this descriptive- correlational study was to investigate factors related to the participation level of rural women in family poultry activities. The Statistical population consisted all rural households in Maragheh County (N=22564) which 224 of them were selected based on Cochran sampling formula and using multi-stage randomized sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-constructed questionnaire whose validity verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to check its reliability. A pretest conducted and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient were higher than 0.7 for different parts of the questionnaire. The results showed that all family members are involved in family poultry activities, but the participation of women was higher than other family members. On average, women participated 77.35 percent in activities and incubator related activity and nesting activities had lower and higher rate of participation, respectively. The participation level of women had a negative meaningful correlation with their age, education, husband's education, households’ numbers, the size of poultry folk and their knowledge but a positive meaningful correlation with their attitudes and women's share of income gaining from poultry and products selling.
Women's Studies
Saadi Mohammadi; Marzieh Talati; Arkan Mohammadi
Abstract
Nowadays, in order to build a jolly environment in the villages and achieve the subjective well-being of rural women who are isolated for social and economic reasons, given the great poverty and unemployment and the necessity to overcome these issues, the use of rural areas potentials for realization ...
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Nowadays, in order to build a jolly environment in the villages and achieve the subjective well-being of rural women who are isolated for social and economic reasons, given the great poverty and unemployment and the necessity to overcome these issues, the use of rural areas potentials for realization of economic growth and the presence of women in them are emphasized. Rural tourism due to its nature and related job opportunities income is welcomed and accepted by women. In this applied research, which is conducted by descriptive-analytical method, the effects of women's presence in the rural tourism sector of the Awraman region were examined on their mental well-being. Accordingly, a questionnaire was distributed among 90 rural women in tourism destination villages, selected by targeted sampling, and analysis of the obtained data was done using one-sample inferential T, Xi-two, Friedman and Qi-two consonants. It was found that spread of tourism and the presence of women in related activities at a significant level of 0.001 and an average of 3.47, has increased and improved the mental well-being of rural women. Among the indicators, the cognitive indices of subjective well-being with an average of 3.55, and among the studied variables, the satisfaction of the rural environment and dependence on it, the decrease of feeling of poverty and life satisfaction, respectively, have the highest degree of improvement of the situation and the effectiveness of women's presence in tourism activities. The findings also showed that there is a significant, positive and direct relationship between the level of satisfaction with development and income dependence on tourism activities and the level of vitality of rural women.
Political sciences
Hosseion Masudnia; Mina Nazari; Nejat Mohammadifar
Abstract
Changes in the rate of women socio-political participation and presence are among the changes and developments occurred in socio-political sphere in Iran in the recent decades. It is expected that as women capabilities and education rate and international interactions increase, their socio-political ...
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Changes in the rate of women socio-political participation and presence are among the changes and developments occurred in socio-political sphere in Iran in the recent decades. It is expected that as women capabilities and education rate and international interactions increase, their socio-political participation and presence especially in Legislature Branch increase dramatically as well. This study is to evaluate women participation and presence in Legislature Branch before and after Islamic Revolution through comparative-analytic approach by stressing the importance of political participation of women in the development of the country.Findings of this article indicate thatwomen political participation has undergone striking fluctuation from Pahlavi period to Islamic Revolution. Although women have fulfilled scientific and socio-political accomplishments hence there is a long way to go in order to utilize their abilities in the management structure of the country pertinently. It seems that their participation in this level demands motivation and eliminating existing obstacles.
Amir Maleki; Parvin Alipoor
Abstract
Environmental crisis is one of the most important global problems. Dealing with this crisis as a collective effort requires formation of environmentalism attitudes among people. What is considerable in this field is to identify the factors affecting people’s attitudes towards environmentalism especially ...
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Environmental crisis is one of the most important global problems. Dealing with this crisis as a collective effort requires formation of environmentalism attitudes among people. What is considerable in this field is to identify the factors affecting people’s attitudes towards environmentalism especially women. Since, based on two main perspectives of ecofeminism; i.e. women's relationship with the environment and their role in solving ecological problems, women have a privileged position in regard to the environment. On the other hand, women status is notable due to their roles in nurturing children and transmitting knowledge and culture to the future generation; therefore, they have the most important role for protecting environment. Accordingly, study of the factors affecting women’s environmentalism can pave the way to attract women to participate in activities of protecting environment. The current study aims to identify the factors which affect Iranian women’s environmentalism. We have used ecofeminism, secondary analysis of fifth wave data and empirical literature for this purpose. In Iran, a sample size of 2667 subjects with multi-stage probability sampling was studied. Findings have shown that such variables as social participation, religious practice, environment knowledge, age and level of education have significant relationship with women’s environmentalism but economic class has shown to have has no effect. The research findings showed that three variables including environmental awareness, religiosity and participation explain 82% of the dependent variable variance.
Rural Development
Masoud Yazdanpanah; Kazhal Khedri; Masoumeh Forouzani; Masoud Baradaran
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing women’s participation in social, economic, and political activities in rural areas of Likak city. Target population of this study is active rural women of 15 to 64 years old in Likak city. Based on Morgan table, 300 women were ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing women’s participation in social, economic, and political activities in rural areas of Likak city. Target population of this study is active rural women of 15 to 64 years old in Likak city. Based on Morgan table, 300 women were selected as sample using a random sampling method. We have used a questionnaire as data collection instrument which its validity was confirmed by a group of experts and its reliability was evaluated by Cronbach alpha coefficients (0.73-0.94). The results of this study have indicated the high mean of women’s participation in social, economic and political activities in the rural society. Moreover, the results have also revealed that there is negative correlation between economic, political and social participations and a number of key variables such as gender stereotype, farmer identity and housewife identity. The results of structural equation modeling analysis have showed that self-efficacy and housewife identity have positive effect on participation intention. In addition, gender stereotype has negative effect on social, economic and political participations. The model explained 85% of the variance in economical participation, 77% of that in social participation, and 69% in political participation. Therefore, it is recommended to give value to the activities of housewives in society and media and to create material and moral rights for these activities. Holding the meeting of housewives with active and successful women can increase women's self-efficacy.
Tavakkol Aghayari Hir; Mohammad Abbaszadeh; Mohammad Bagher Alizadeh Aghdam; Mahnaz Katebi Aliabadi
Abstract
Sexual health is the state of physical, mental, and socio-cultural well-being with respect to all sexual experiences, which is regarded as one of the main indicators of human and sustainable development. This dimension of health, in contrast to others, requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality ...
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Sexual health is the state of physical, mental, and socio-cultural well-being with respect to all sexual experiences, which is regarded as one of the main indicators of human and sustainable development. This dimension of health, in contrast to others, requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality issues, and having a safe and satisfied sexual relationship without any coercion, discrimination, and violence. This paper, aims at investigating mental and meaning construction process involved in sexual health among Tabriz City’s married women. To this end, qualitative method and thematic analysis approach has been employed to analyze semi-structured in-depth interviews among 26 married women of age 20 to 45, following the rule of variation. Data, according to the existing standards, is analyzed by the use of a multi-phase inductive coding scheme to drive all common meanings with respect to sexual health. Results showed that mental meaning of sexual health among participants includes four axial codes, including; “sexual informational relationship”, “sexual emotional relationship”, “mutual and balanced physical sexual health”, and “sexual normative balance’ which all could be understood as an inclusive (selective) code of “sexual health as a social problem”.
Masomeh Jamshidi; Hossein Mahdizabeh
Abstract
The traditional strategy of economic empowerment of female heads of households in the form of microfinance and credit granting has positive and negative effects and consequences. The present study employed a structural analysis method to study the opinions of the experts. The main purpose of this paper ...
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The traditional strategy of economic empowerment of female heads of households in the form of microfinance and credit granting has positive and negative effects and consequences. The present study employed a structural analysis method to study the opinions of the experts. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the positive and negative consequences of the empowerment strategy in the regional (provincial) scale to analyze their influence and dependence. In order to collect information, deep interviewing method was initially used with 28 knowledgeable experts in the field of empowerment of women in different institutions of the province. The qualitative dta were collected through a researcher-made cross-sectional analysis matrix. Triangulation method and documentary and library information, direct observation and deep interviewing were used to ensure the reliability of qualitative data. After the first and second phases, the experts are provided with the designed questionnaires to examine the relationship between the variables in the cross-sectional matrix and the interrelationship between them. Micmac software has been used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the future, the most important positive indicators for the system analysis of the consequences of the traditional strategy of empowerment of female headed households were "job creation", "access to resources", "increase in production" and "entrepreneurship". The negative consequences include the variables of "waste of financial resources due to misuse of loans and microfinance", "major attention (and merely) of institutions to pay loans" and "increased false consumerism". According to the results, the conventional economic empowerment program for female-headed households in the future should be managed and organized in a way that has minimal negative impact and maximum positive effects. Therefore, the aforementioned empowerment system should reinforce and maximize the positive impacts and minimize the negative impacts.
Abotorab talebi; Somayeh Rahmani
Abstract
This article analyses the experience of Kurdish women's silence based on their understanding and interpretation of gender and their position in the fields of work, family and education. The aim is to show the social and semantic complexities of the phenomenon of Kurdish women‘ silence. This study ...
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This article analyses the experience of Kurdish women's silence based on their understanding and interpretation of gender and their position in the fields of work, family and education. The aim is to show the social and semantic complexities of the phenomenon of Kurdish women‘ silence. This study was conducted using theoretical sampling and individual interviews with 20 Kurdish women, as well as focus interviews in a group of six, in the framework of interpretive-constructivist approach and the thematic analysis technique. The results have been framed under the two main themes of hegemonic silence and strategic silence, and also sub-themes. They show that women give different meanings to their silence by their silence in different situations while use different strategies. The consequences of each of these types of silence can include those silences that re-establish or disrupt the hegemonic meanings of gender and domination. This study shows that the experience of silence lies in a range of subjugation on the one hand, and subjectivity and agency on the other. Moreover, the boundary between victim and agent cannot be considered as a clear and inflexible boundary.
Volume 1, Issue 6 , June 2003
Abstract
Women’s participation means their total involvement in the process of decision makings and implementation of all social phenomena. This is a precondition for the success of all health programs. Women’s participation in the maintenance of the society’s health is considered important. The program ...
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Women’s participation means their total involvement in the process of decision makings and implementation of all social phenomena. This is a precondition for the success of all health programs. Women’s participation in the maintenance of the society’s health is considered important. The program of women health volunteers not only provides the required skills and training to women volunteers it aims to disseminate health messages to all Iranian families. To evaluate the success of the program and the review of its impact on awareness- raising and changes in women’s behavior, a longitudinal survey was conducted on two groups of women with similarities in socio-economic conditions (one covered by the study and a control group) in the Oroumeih district. The study was done before and after the implementation of the program. Comparison of the data gathered on awareness-raising of women in the two groups, demonstrated a significant difference due to the activities of health volunteers which had raised the level of the awareness of the society. However, behavioral changes among the groups were not significant. It seems that to review changes in the behavior require more than the one year period of the study.
Volume 1, Issue 7 , November 2003
Abstract
Rapid technological and cultural changes of the past two centuries in developed countries and their effects on modernization in other societies, including Iran, have preoccupied many social scientists. This study aims to measure the level of modernity among women who are active in the cultural realm ...
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Rapid technological and cultural changes of the past two centuries in developed countries and their effects on modernization in other societies, including Iran, have preoccupied many social scientists. This study aims to measure the level of modernity among women who are active in the cultural realm (teaching profession). Modernization theories confirm that conditions such as urban dwelling, industrialization, level of education, communication, social participation, socialization patterns, and socio-economic status accelerate modernization. The modem individual believes in science, adapts to new experiences, seeks equality and independence, is achievement-oriented, civil-minded, global and democratic, and takes risks. The study applied secondary data and surveyed women teachers in the city of Tehran. The findings reveal that 72.3% of the instructors are modern-oriented and that education length and social status has a significant relationship with levels of modernity.
Volume 3, Issue 1 , March 2005
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to identify the potential and actual abilities of rural women living in three northern provinces of
Iran (Golestan, Gillan and Mazandaran). The research is an applied one, using descriptive and survey methods. The sample population is 1382 women, over 10 years old. Data ...
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The purpose of this article is to identify the potential and actual abilities of rural women living in three northern provinces of
Iran (Golestan, Gillan and Mazandaran). The research is an applied one, using descriptive and survey methods. The sample population is 1382 women, over 10 years old. Data is collected by using a semi structured questionnaire and interview. Women were asked to list their
jobs and one of the main indicators which are applied to show their abilities is their income. The results indicate that although these women are active in agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and services in rural areas of Iran, but they do not receive much training and they have learned their income generation jobs.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
Fertility decline not only affects population structure in every country but also has many other effects. In Iran, since mid-1980s fertility rate has declined very sharply. This paper is based on research carried out in Yazd city, Iran in year 2004, and 388 women aged 15 to 49 were entered in this study.
The ...
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Fertility decline not only affects population structure in every country but also has many other effects. In Iran, since mid-1980s fertility rate has declined very sharply. This paper is based on research carried out in Yazd city, Iran in year 2004, and 388 women aged 15 to 49 were entered in this study.
The method which is applied in this study is quantitative one and data is collected by structured questionnaire. The results of research show that
infant mortality decline, greater share of men in family-planning decision-making, an increase in women's marriage age and education are among the most important factors affecting the rate of fertility in Yazd.
