Elmira Jafari; Sadegh Salehi; Bahram Ghadimi
Abstract
The best solution today To face waste challenges include strengthening social resources and human capital, including housewives who spend most of their time at home playing a very effective role in environmental issues and household waste management. Understanding this is important current study has ...
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The best solution today To face waste challenges include strengthening social resources and human capital, including housewives who spend most of their time at home playing a very effective role in environmental issues and household waste management. Understanding this is important current study has been done with the aim of Identification the role of social capital in household waste management by women. For this study, the survey method has been used. The statistical population includes women living in Sirjan. Using random cluster sampling method, 384 people were randomly selected as the sample. To determine the sample size of The cochran's formula was used. To collect research data of the researcher-made questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed, Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and structural modeling in Lisrel and SPSS statistical software. The results showed that the relationship between social capital and its components is social trust, social participation, social security, social norms and social cohesion with Household waste management has a positive and significant relationship. Accordingly, one of the factors that can be effective in household waste management is social capital management.
Women's Studies
Effat Borna; Hossein Afrasiabi; ahmad kalate sadati; Mahdi Kermani
Abstract
Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured ...
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Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to conduct a qualitative study with women between 30 and 40 years. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, we continued the interviews until achieving theoretical saturation, and finally, 25 people were interviewed. After transposing data into MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, they were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory coding methods. The findings emerged in eight categories: (1) one-dimensional socialization and external limitations, (2) restrictions on career prospects, (3) lack of financial and family support, (4) lack of skill-based training, (5) role pressure of housekeeping (6) access to university education (7) focus on personal empowerment and (8) cyberspace opportunities. “Constraints and role duality” was considered the core category. The findings suggest that the intersectional socio-cultural systems that shape individuals' identities involve women in a cycle of learning about systemic influences so that participants develop the semantic structures needed to filter out discriminatory effects. It should be noted that the social system has been able to provide new opportunities for women; however, the weight of gender social components is still high, and these opportunities have not been realized
Psychology
Ali Mohammad Naemi
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the relationship between resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction with body image of high school students of Sabzevar in 2014. This study was correlational. The population of this study included 1578 high school girls of Sabzevar and 311 persons were selected ...
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The current study aims to investigate the relationship between resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction with body image of high school students of Sabzevar in 2014. This study was correlational. The population of this study included 1578 high school girls of Sabzevar and 311 persons were selected through Multistep cluster sampling method. The data was collected using Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale, Kobasa Hardiness Scale, Diener life satisfaction scale and Fisher body image Scale. Pearson correlation and stepwise regression were used for data analysis with SPSS18. The results showed that there were significant and positive correlation between resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction with body image. In addition, it was found that resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction could explain 25 Percent of body image variance among students. The results showed that increasing resilience, hardiness and life satisfaction can decrease dissatisfaction of body image among female students and can improve their mental health and wellbeing .
Psychology
Seyed Ali Azadmanesh; chyman Mostafapour; Luqman Ahmadipour
Abstract
Today, marriage is one of the main challenges in Iranian society. Youth for various reasons attempt to avoid marriage and the phenomenon of delay in age at marriage not as a problem but as a problem of social and personal problems. The current study aims to investigate the effects of prolongation of ...
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Today, marriage is one of the main challenges in Iranian society. Youth for various reasons attempt to avoid marriage and the phenomenon of delay in age at marriage not as a problem but as a problem of social and personal problems. The current study aims to investigate the effects of prolongation of celibacy period on social anxiety and psychological capital of female teachers in Boukan. As causal-comparative study (after an event), the population consisted of two groups of married and unmarried female teachers aged 45 to 25 years in 1393 were 94 school year. Married between the two groups of teachers (80) and single (80) and a total of 160 people were randomly chosen. The data of psychological capital questionnaire MkGy (2011) and social phobia list Conover and colleagues (2000) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between two groups of female teachers aged 25 to 45 years old, married and single social anxiety and the psychological capital. So, it can be concluded that married people more than single people are above the psychological level of capital, and less social anxiety.
Rural Development
Leila Vossoughi; Mahdieh Ghasemi
Abstract
Regarding gender inequality in many communities, empowerment of women has become an important subject and received more attention in recent years. Results of many researches show that tourism especially ecotourism affects women empowerment in its different aspects by making them interested in participating ...
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Regarding gender inequality in many communities, empowerment of women has become an important subject and received more attention in recent years. Results of many researches show that tourism especially ecotourism affects women empowerment in its different aspects by making them interested in participating tourism activities. Based on findings of previous researches, the current study aims to assess the role of ecotourism development on empowerment of rural women using a descriptive survey method. The population consists of women of Shib-Deraz in Qeshm Island who participate in environmental plan of “conservation of Eretmochelys Embricate “with an emphasis on ecotourism and handicrafts”. A questionnaire was designed based on a theoretical framework. Results show that development of ecotourism can influence social, psychological and economic empowerment of rural women.
Women's Studies
Fahimeh Farahmand Pour; elham bahranifard
Abstract
Besides textbooks teach students, prepare them to accept their roles in accordance with their gender characteristics, as it is considered by the authors. This study is intended to represent how women’s social – political roles in both elementary and middle high school textbooks, academic ...
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Besides textbooks teach students, prepare them to accept their roles in accordance with their gender characteristics, as it is considered by the authors. This study is intended to represent how women’s social – political roles in both elementary and middle high school textbooks, academic year deal 1391-92. Research method is quantitative content analysis based on gender in education between images and text. The results indicate the defining social roles for women new look requires a lot of activities , such as care for the environment, charitable activities and public works, aid workers, and the presence of important social practice such as enjoining good and forbid the evil taking place in the new definition. Also, the categories and content analysis, descriptive and normative statements indicate that further descriptive statements and images in textbooks. But describing the role of women in social and political issues in most cases is not consistent with reality.
Sociology
Saeed Khani; Farsheed Khezri; Katayoon Yari
Abstract
The number of female-headed households has increased with extensive growth rate in recent decades. This group in line with the population growth rate, has experienced another qualitative changes such as age composition and education, income distribution and economic poverty changing issues relating to ...
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The number of female-headed households has increased with extensive growth rate in recent decades. This group in line with the population growth rate, has experienced another qualitative changes such as age composition and education, income distribution and economic poverty changing issues relating to them as a relatively normal social condition to a social problem associated with damage over time. The current article aims to study and analyze social vulnerability among female-headed households and their children in comparison with married women. The theoretical framework of the problem is derived from strain, social attachments and feminization of poverty theories. This study is a quasi-experimental research based on survey technique. The investigation consists of two statistical populations. First, it consists of female-headed households who have been active in Setayesh-e-Mehr's Social Work Clinic in Soltan-Abad district-Tehran since 2015. The sampling method in the first population was enumeration. The second statistical population consisted of male-headed households in the same area selected with multi-stage cluster sampling to be compared with the first group. The result showed that there is a significant difference among female-headed households and male-headed households regarding social isolation, tendency to addiction, children's delinquency and economic poverty. This evidence in conjunction with the theoretical framework, shows the position of female-headed households in the socio-economic structure of society. Poverty and lack of social bound, and as a result, their experience of strain and lack of appropriate support, in both formal and informal forms, make these women and their children vulnerable to harm.
Women's Studies
Masoud Nikooghadam; Mohadese Gholizadeh Amirabad; Abdollah Khoshnoodi
Abstract
In the twentieth century, with a new wave of political developments in many countries, the researchers sought to understand the preconditions necessary for the emergence and continuation of democracy. Meanwhile, "Modernization Theory" was given the highest empirical support for the realization of democracy. ...
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In the twentieth century, with a new wave of political developments in many countries, the researchers sought to understand the preconditions necessary for the emergence and continuation of democracy. Meanwhile, "Modernization Theory" was given the highest empirical support for the realization of democracy. But the ineffectiveness of this theory in practice led to more attention to the role of other factors. One of these factors, which has so far not received much attention, is the role of empowerment of women. In the present study, the "gender-development of democracy" model has been used to study and analyze how women's empowerment has an impact on the democracy development. The econometric method was used as a dynamic panel in the form of Generalized Method of Moment for 1990 to 2015 in selected countries. Findings of the research have indicated that the indicators for assessing the empowerment of women in this research have a significant effect on the development of democracy during the period in question. The two variables of "education" and "female labor force participation rate" have a significant positive effect on the development of democracy with coefficients of +0.61 and +0.07, and the variable "fertility rate" with a coefficient of -0.22 has a significant negative effect on the democracy development.
Zaidullah Zahid; zahra nasrollahi; Mansour Mahinizadeh
Abstract
Human capital is one of the factors affecting economic growth that can enhance and improve economic and social opportunities. At the same time, women represent half of the whole population and are one of the pillars of the family and societies. It is important to make use of their talents and capabilities ...
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Human capital is one of the factors affecting economic growth that can enhance and improve economic and social opportunities. At the same time, women represent half of the whole population and are one of the pillars of the family and societies. It is important to make use of their talents and capabilities as human capital to achieve economic growth. However, gender discrimination has been considered as a factor that not only violates basic human rights, but can also reduce the productivity and quality of human capital and economic growth. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gender discrimination in four areas: education, labor market, social conditions and women's empowerment on economic growth in the developing countries during the period 2000-2018. In this study, Stata and EViews software were used to analyze the results with the Panel data method and using World Bank data the relationship between gender discrimination and economic growth has been estimated. The results show that Labor force growth and trade openness variables in the developing countries have a negative and significant effect on economic growth, and investment growth has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. In these countries, gender equality has no significant relationship with economic growth.
Shohre Rowshani; Maryam Tafte; Zohre Khosravi
Abstract
The growth of divorce in Iranian society and its negative consequences have made it necessary to pay attention to this social problem. The purpose of this study is to present strategies to reduce divorce and its negative consequences. For this purpose, we have used qualitative meta-analysis method, by ...
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The growth of divorce in Iranian society and its negative consequences have made it necessary to pay attention to this social problem. The purpose of this study is to present strategies to reduce divorce and its negative consequences. For this purpose, we have used qualitative meta-analysis method, by examining 70 selected divorce studies in the last two decades (1998-2018), it has classified the factors of divorce and its negative consequences and then presented strategies for reducing the divorce and its negative consequences. Based on the findings, the factors of divorce can be classified into four categories of incorrect spouse choice, lack of knowledge and skills of spouses and maladaptation, bad performance of spouses, and adverse economic conditions. Accordingly, we can propose solutions based on training courses and consulting services by the responsible entities, and obligation of spouses to participation. We have also studied the negative consequences of divorce for women and children. Solutions to reduce these consequences are including eliminate legal challenges, teaching parents to minimize divorce harms for children, providing counseling services, culturalization and family support for divorced women, and reforming society's attitude to divorced women and their children.
Mohammad Reza Eghdami; Faezeh Safari Tamrin; Mohammad Reza Gholami; Reza Alizadeh
Abstract
Due to decrease of population, the main discourse of population governing policy is how to growth population In Iran. The success rate of population policies in each country, including Iran, depends on the degree of its hegemony in the target society. The present study is conducted to investigate the ...
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Due to decrease of population, the main discourse of population governing policy is how to growth population In Iran. The success rate of population policies in each country, including Iran, depends on the degree of its hegemony in the target society. The present study is conducted to investigate the biopolitics among married women ranging age between 18 to 40 years old in Rasht city, by using a qualitative method based on analysis of Foucault power. The results in this communication showed that the dominant discourse of population policy in relation to the women studied in Iran is formed in two ways; respectively subjecting women for the medical and the cultural system, which could affect them by power of biopolitics and become hegemonic for itself. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the exercise of power through the medical system in this discourse does not cause the hegemony of this type of biopolitics among the studied women; Because among those married women who have resisted this type of biopolitics and had less desire for more offspring, which still emphasize an object to the medical system. Due to the declining population rates in Iran, the main dominant population policy discourse is, population growth.
Volume 3, Issue 2 , September 2005
Abstract
The aim of this article is to identify the needs of youth in underprivileged cities of Iran. Exploring the real needs of youth will provide
an opportunity to offer them better services during their leisure time in
summer camps.
This paper is based on research carried out in four cities of Iran (Kohkilooyeh ...
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The aim of this article is to identify the needs of youth in underprivileged cities of Iran. Exploring the real needs of youth will provide
an opportunity to offer them better services during their leisure time in
summer camps.
This paper is based on research carried out in four cities of Iran (Kohkilooyeh and Boyerahmad, Ham, Kerman, Khoozestan, Kermanshah).
The sample consists of300 students, 150 boys and 150 girls from secondary schools chosen through stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Primary needs of youth which have been considered in this study include: school attendance, good relationships in the family, physical and sport activities, mutual respecct and rights in the family, the attention of parents toward children's nutrition and their health and so on. The result of research indicats that there is significant difference between boys and girls when it comes to their initial needs.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , June 2003
Abstract
Psychological differences between girls and boys which influence socialization of the young in their perceived gender roles are becoming highly important. The aim of the present research is to study these differences within the conceptual framework of BEM Gender Index. The
data was gathered through ...
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Psychological differences between girls and boys which influence socialization of the young in their perceived gender roles are becoming highly important. The aim of the present research is to study these differences within the conceptual framework of BEM Gender Index. The
data was gathered through questionnaires completed by a sample group of over 500 high school students. The research findings demonstrate significant differences among girls and boys in such a way that gender beliefs among boys in comparison to girls were more non-stereotyped. If born again, girls
wished more than boys to have a different sex. This issue is an indication of girls being less content than boys about their sex. Considering that girls with active and social characteristics and behaviors, and boys with emotional characteristics and behavior were more frequently criticized, it seems gender
stereotyping is a prevailing practice in the society and getting away from it is considered an abnormality.
Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2003
Abstract
The market for skilled labor in Iran suffers from a severe gender imbalance in terms of both supply and demand, impacting women negatively. While there has been increased access to higher education for women, which has in turn impacted the rate of availability of skilled women, a lack of gender balance ...
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The market for skilled labor in Iran suffers from a severe gender imbalance in terms of both supply and demand, impacting women negatively. While there has been increased access to higher education for women, which has in turn impacted the rate of availability of skilled women, a lack of gender balance persists. First, while women have had increased access to higher education (in terms of numbers rather than quality), are still graduating at lesser rates than men, are under-represented in some technical courses, suffer from lack of access to certain fields, and are under¬represented in training and education sectors beyond the bachelors level (i.e., the Masters and PhD levels). Second, women face certain obstacles and challenges in the labor market, such as inequality in their level of activity and participation and rate of employment. Additionally, there are obstacles and challenges in the demand for women's skilled labor in the market. Horizontal and vertical employment diversity, stemming from structural, cultural, and political perspectives, can only be corrected through appropriate policies and institutional changes in the country
Volume 1, Issue 5 , April 2003
Abstract
Mass media through disseminating information forms the thought, mentality and culture of the society. Decision makers and writers of messages (mass media managers and producers) have an important role in cultural formation and its’ evolutions. The women’s presence in these occupational positions ...
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Mass media through disseminating information forms the thought, mentality and culture of the society. Decision makers and writers of messages (mass media managers and producers) have an important role in cultural formation and its’ evolutions. The women’s presence in these occupational positions is studied in the Iranian radio and television. The findings indicate that women are involved in the majority of production activities. However, the intensity and rate of their presence differs from one sector to the other.
Analysis of women’s participation in Media and quality of their participation, as well as factors affecting on their occupational efficiency are discussed in this article. The rate of women’s participation as producers of radio and television programs indicates their capacities in occupations which are rarely considered as feminine type.
Volume 3, Issue 3 , December 2005
Abstract
This article is an analytical review of the book "The veil and the male elites" written by Fatima Mernissi. The author of the book justifies her elaboration based on two historical references namely Tabari History and Traditions of Ibn Husham. The limitation of references utilized by the author as well ...
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This article is an analytical review of the book "The veil and the male elites" written by Fatima Mernissi. The author of the book justifies her elaboration based on two historical references namely Tabari History and Traditions of Ibn Husham. The limitation of references utilized by the author as well as neglecting research standards in analysis and critical review of the issues has made her book unreliable from so many aspects. But the author's failure is more significant on various issues such as instruction of veiling for women according to verse 53 from Ahzab, in Koran. The wrong approach which is applied by Mernissi led her to depict a voyeuristic picture of great prophet.
Volume 5, Issue 1 , September 2007
Abstract
This article investigates women's status in the Nobel Prize Foundation between the periods 1901 to 2006 as well as twenty Academies of Sciences in twenty countries. The data obtained from the Foundation and also the questionnaires used reveal that female elite scientists constituted a small portion ...
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This article investigates women's status in the Nobel Prize Foundation between the periods 1901 to 2006 as well as twenty Academies of Sciences in twenty countries. The data obtained from the Foundation and also the questionnaires used reveal that female elite scientists constituted a small portion of the elite societies so that during 1901 to 2006 almost four percent of the Nobel Laureates and on average about 10 percent of permanent members of 20 Academies of sciences were women. Despite many theoretical and empirical investigations on the status of female elite scientists in the elite societies, this research has tried to illustrate lack of women's presence in Academies of twenty countries. The present work contains the following results as well: it illustrates the existing and available theoretical studies and suggests a multi-level model for social explanation into the status of women in science.
Hatam Hosseini
Volume 8, Issue 2 , July 2010
Ghorban Ali Ebrahimi; Abbas Behnoei Godneh
Volume 8, Issue 3 , October 2010
Abstract
The appearance of body, which is considered as people’s physical capital, is influenced by cultural position of individuals. People have different attitude towards their body and appearance depending on their cultural capital. In addition, in today’s world visible characteristics and features of ...
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The appearance of body, which is considered as people’s physical capital, is influenced by cultural position of individuals. People have different attitude towards their body and appearance depending on their cultural capital. In addition, in today’s world visible characteristics and features of individuals are ever more important than they used to be in the past. Thus, as appropriate and desired appearance is gaining importance in different social groups, particularly youngsters, this study investigates the relationship between cultural capital and appearance management among the youth. In order to investigate this relationship, the theory of Anthony Giddens and Pierre Bourdieu are used. Data collection is conducted through a questionnaire. The sample population consists of youngsters between 15 to 25 years old residing in Babolsar city. Through proportional multi-step cluster stratified sampling and Cochran formula 380 cases are chosen as the statistical sample of the study. The results of descriptive findings show that nowadays young people control their weight in order to look physically attractive and young in front of others, thus more youngsters are inclined to join a bodybuilding and fitness club. Based on gender analysis, a greater number of girls resort to dieting to keep their bodies fit (40 percent) while higher number of boys choose sports clubs (58/15 percent). The findings show that among the many criteria, hair and face makeup along with using perfume are more important than other items of appearance management. Age and native language had no significant relationship with body management. In addition, there is a positive and significant relationship between cultural capital and appearance management. In general, the results of descriptive statistics show that girls and boys use a variety of mechanisms for appearance management to a degree that these mechanisms put their health at risk. As modernisms, culture of media, commercialization, fashion and beauty industry, have put great importance on attractive bodies, a situation referred to as Physical Culture which is prevalent among boys and girls
Zahra Nasrollahi; Haniye Poushdouz
Volume 8, Issue 4 , February 2011
Abstract
Globalization is a complex and complicated concept that can be defined from various dimensions including political, cultural and economical. Economically speaking, globalization is defined as a process in which the mobility of capital, organizations, ideas, discourses, and people has taken on an increasingly ...
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Globalization is a complex and complicated concept that can be defined from various dimensions including political, cultural and economical. Economically speaking, globalization is defined as a process in which the mobility of capital, organizations, ideas, discourses, and people has taken on an increasingly global or transnational form. Many economists believe that globalization is an engine of growth because it can stimulate economic development through an increase in exports; reducing the isolation of many developing countries, and facilitating their access to new technologies and information. On the other hand, other economists argue that free trade can give rise to high levels of unemployment in the affected sectors. In terms of the effects of globalization on women, the same controversy exists. Opponents of globalization accuse the new free zones of gender discrimination and exploitation of women. Moreover, spread of poverty and prostitution among women are frequently cited as byproducts of globalization. Meanwhile, proponents of globalization, explain that worldwide competition makes discrimination too expensive to sustain. Thus, it seems that Globalization is an unavoidable and accelerating process that affects the national economies in all aspects. Although in an integrated world, there is not any difference between man and woman, it seams that, women are greatly affected by world trade and globalization. Trade liberalization has had a particularly striking effect on the number of women working in developing countries’ manufacturing sectors. It seams that export-oriented industrialization is associated with a rising share of women’s manufacturing employment. Considering the fact that female make up about half of the population in Islamic Republic of Iran and play an important role in economic activities and sustainable development, it is essential to know how trade liberalization affects women’s job opportunities. Bearing in mind that legally speaking there is no difference and discrimination between men and women in terms of employment, this study investigates the effects of trade liberalization indices on women’s manufacturing employment (as an important sector in the industry development process) between the Period of 1996-2005. The research uses export, import and sum of export and import to the value added ratio in 2 digit industry level as trade liberalization indices. Panel data method is used for the purpose of the research. The results of this study show that trade liberalization has a significant negative impact on women’s manufacturing employment and also there is a positive relationship between women’s wage and ratio of Construction payments to total payments. It seems that one of the reasons of the negative relationship between trade liberalization and women’s manufacturing employment is women's low initial human capital endowments. To break the vicious circle of women's low initial human capital endowments and inferior labor market outcomes, the paper proposes greater access of girls to education and of women to training, enforceable equal pay, taxation and benefit structure that treats reproduction as an economic activity and women as equal partners within households, and a better accounting of women's work to include invisible production.
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 2002
Abstract
Women’s governance in three villages of “Ask”, “Aphoos”, and “Toocheh Ghaz” has been reported in Iran. The aim of this article is to present the processes of the ceremony in Ask village which is located in 90 km. from north- east of the capital city (Tehran). The methods of the study are ...
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Women’s governance in three villages of “Ask”, “Aphoos”, and “Toocheh Ghaz” has been reported in Iran. The aim of this article is to present the processes of the ceremony in Ask village which is located in 90 km. from north- east of the capital city (Tehran). The methods of the study are participant observation and review on secondary data and documents.
In the past, this ceremony had different functions of economic, social, political and even military. But it seems, at present only social function has remained.
Women’s governance is established in the middle of spring, when all the men of village are out of the village to attend another ceremony. The day before, village women elect a woman with high capacity in leadership, management skills and experience. Then few women are selected as ministers in the government structure. No men are allowed to stay in village and women voluntarily take the responsibility to guard the village. Men come back to the village in the evening and women governance is over.
Volume 1, Issue 4 , September 2002
Abstract
This article presents the findings of a research on the relations between coping styles of crisis and socio-economic status of the family, as two important non-cognitive factors, and academic achievements of young female students. 328 third grade students were selected through multi-stage random sampling ...
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This article presents the findings of a research on the relations between coping styles of crisis and socio-economic status of the family, as two important non-cognitive factors, and academic achievements of young female students. 328 third grade students were selected through multi-stage random sampling from junior schools of Tehran. Data on coping with crisis test (CISS) and grade point average are statistically analyzed. Results indicate a positive relation between "problem-oriented coping style" and academic achievement. Also socio-economic status of the family and academic achievement are related. There is no significant relation between "coping style with stress” and academic achievement. It seems young girls with higher achievements apply more problem -oriented coping style while students with lower academic achievement have a stress coping mechanism.
Women's Studies
Maryam Najjar Nahavandi; Masoumeh Abkhosh
Abstract
Following a neighborhood-oriented approach, Tehran municipality provided citizenship education with the purpose of empowering women. In spite of the large coverage of the project and its high costs, comprehensive studies haven’t been conducted in this area yet. Thus, the present study primarily ...
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Following a neighborhood-oriented approach, Tehran municipality provided citizenship education with the purpose of empowering women. In spite of the large coverage of the project and its high costs, comprehensive studies haven’t been conducted in this area yet. Thus, the present study primarily tries to examine the relationship between provided education and the level of empowerment. The research methodology is survey. Research population consists of 700 female inhabitants of Jihad neighborhood in 6th municipality district. The study sample, randomly selected, includes 384 females (divided in two equal groups of educated and uneducated women). Information was collected through a questionnaire which had already been shown to have an acceptable alpha coefficient. Results from independent T test suggest that there's a significant relation between educated and uneducated women in terms of participation, hygiene awareness, citizenship rights and duties and life skills, i.e. educated women have higher scores. However, no significant relation was found between educated and uneducated women in terms of health and social harms. Results from correlation test indicated that education is strongly and positively related to women's empowerment. Additionally, test results revealed that marital status and employment status are not related to the extent of the influence of education on empowering women.
Management
Maryam Nakhoda; Samane Rahimian; Mohammadreza Esmaieli Givi
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain the factors affecting female’s psychological empowerment in the information and knowledge services. This paper is based on applied research and mixed method including descriptive and survey. First by using qualitative approach, for expanding ...
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The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain the factors affecting female’s psychological empowerment in the information and knowledge services. This paper is based on applied research and mixed method including descriptive and survey. First by using qualitative approach, for expanding and explaining effective factors of pycholigical empowerment of women librarians and informationist, nine interviews with female managers were done. Results showed that eight factors were effeted on psychological empowerment. Professional knowledge, modeling and motivation were added to the conceptual model. Finally, assimilation of qualitive results and sprietzer’s model made conceptual model. In the quantitative approach, the population of study was 137 female employees of Tehran’s public libraries as an information and knowledge centers. The researchers designed the questionnaire including factors for data collection. Cronbach‘s alpha for this questionnaire was 90%. PLS software and structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The findings indicated that the most effective factor on the female’s psychological empowerment in the information and knowledge services were individual factors including motivation, modeling, knowledge/job skills and self-esteem. Then organizational factors including importance of the team trust among team, perceived team effectiveness, participative decision-making and finally group factors such as role resolution, span of control, access to information, participative climate, access to resources and organizational support were effective on female employees’ psychological empowerment in information and knowledge services.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Hassan Seif; Mitra Yadegar
Abstract
Burnout syndrome includes aspects of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decrement of personal accomplishment to which staffs vulnerable to because of their exposure to physical and psychological stressors. The necessity of this research is related to inadequate research on women. The current ...
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Burnout syndrome includes aspects of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decrement of personal accomplishment to which staffs vulnerable to because of their exposure to physical and psychological stressors. The necessity of this research is related to inadequate research on women. The current research aims to explain burnout of working women with an emphasis on the role of organizational and psychological variables in Technical & Vocational and Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. The research was conducted based on a descriptive-correlational method. The population includes all women employed at technical and vocational & Islamic Azad university of Shiraz (N=225). According to the Cochran formula, the sample size was 143 women who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data was collected using Maslach burnout inventory, Allen and Meyer`s organizational commitment questionnaire, Lu et al role- conflict and ambiguity questionnaire, Colquitt’s organizational justice questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive-statistic method that includes Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results show that justice and organizational commitment through role conflict and ambiguity mediation have indirect and negative effect on burnout. The results showed that organizational commitment has both direct and indirect effect on burnout via the mediation of role conflict and role ambiguity. Organizational justice has also both direct and indirect effect on burnout via the mediation of role conflict and role ambiguity. Role conflict and role ambiguity have shown to have direct effect on burnout. According to the fitted indices, the final model of the study has a relatively good fit.
