Masoumeh Jorjany; Somayeh Baseri; Farideh Afarin
Abstract
The world bank estimates that almost 20% of industrial water pollution is caused by textile industry. Chemical dyes have used in dyeing industries once they have good fastness properties, are resistance, and show wide range of color shades. Considering the environmental concerns, these colorants have ...
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The world bank estimates that almost 20% of industrial water pollution is caused by textile industry. Chemical dyes have used in dyeing industries once they have good fastness properties, are resistance, and show wide range of color shades. Considering the environmental concerns, these colorants have certain disadvantages such as they are toxic, non-degradable, and carcinogenic. On the other hand, fabric and clothing industries are major sources of environmental pollution especially in developing countries such as Iran. The mass consumption of clothing and also their common methods of design and production have led to increased environmental pollution due to the disposal of vast amounts of non-biodegradable wastes, ultimately faced the country with several problems. As a result, new approaches are going to be developed to renewing the use of scrap and waste materials in clothing production aimed at safeguarding the environment. The use of waste agricultural dyes is also an environmentally friendly alternative, since they are non-carcinogenic, less toxic, biodegradable, and produced by cleaner production processes. The question that arises is whether clothing design and production processes can be improved based on the facilities of the country in accordance with the sustainable development principles. It appears that empowerment of women in sustainable development topics can be an ideal solution for achieving this goal. What support this idea is the women impact on the sustainable source management, social communication, and the country’s education system. The purpose of the current research is to design and produce the women social clothing by using the fabric scraps and agricultural waste dyes. In terms of the type of study and in terms of the practical purpose, the method of present study is a descriptive-survey way and its purpose is an "applied" one. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. In this way, this work was produced four women social clothing by dying the fabrics with chamomile colorant and the peels of pomegranate, walnut, and onion and also by using the fabric scraps. The reflection of this design method was examined among the female students of BA and MA courses in carpet, textile design and printing, art research, and handicrafts industry from the art faculty of Semnan university. A sample size of 102 students was chosen using a simple random sampling. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings obtained from this study showed that women has a positive and important effect on the sustainable development in environmental issues and the increasing women’s awareness and capacities in this context is necessary. This research also indicates that the components of designed garment exception of the body characteristics are accepted by the statistical community. The results also show a positive relationship between the girls' awareness of the principles of sustainable clothing development and their satisfaction with the designs done.
Geography
Aboozar Vafaei; Kamran Dolat Yarian
Abstract
Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's ...
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Parks and green public spaces are parts of the ecological fabric of cities to the extent that environmental life and the sustainability of cities depend on them. The aim of this research is to measure the level of citizens’ satisfaction with the quality of urban parks. The example studied is Women's Laleh Park in the city of Noorabad. To this end, efforts were made to evaluate and analyze the success or the failure of the quality of the park from the point of view of women. The current research is a quantitative research in terms of its purpose in the field of applied research and has deployed a descriptive-analytical approach based on the nature of the data.The statistical population of this research included all women who came to Laleh Park in a span from May to December 2022. The sample size included 200 women; this sample was assessed using Sample Power software with a confidence level of %95, a possible error of %5, and an alpha value of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05. For data analysis, SPSS26 software was used due to its statistical capabilities, and AMOS24 software was deployed for structural equation modeling. To answer the hypotheses of the research, at the first stage, criteria and sub-criteria that explained the satisfaction of the multiple dimensions of women's park were compiled through documentary and library studies. Then, a questionnaire, consisting of 66 questions in the form of a five-point Likert scale, was designed and distributed among the women who came to Laleh Park. The distribution of the questionnaire was also done using a systematic sampling method during the peak hours of women’s visiting of this public space. It should be noted that the measuring scales included 6 general questions, 10 questions on safety and security, 10 social-cultural questions, 10 physical questions, 10 questions about health and environment, 10 questions about the furniture and environment of the park, and 10 questions about physical and mental health.In total, the results obtained from the current research are as follows. In an overall evaluation of the quality of Laleh Park, the findings showed that most of the studied sites were of low quality, and there were many weak points. The results also showed that the condition of Laleh Park was favorable in terms of quality in 3 items. 18 items were semi-optimal, and other 38 items had unfavorable status. Also, the results of the analysis of the second-order factor model showed that according to the women, participating in the research, satisfaction with physical-physical factors with a factor load of 0.86 had the highest priority and had the first place. After the physical-physical factor, the health and environmental index came second with a factor load of 0.78. The third rank belonged to park furniture index with a factor weight of 0.73. Further, it was found that safety and security index with a weight of 0.68 was in the fourth place, the health index with a weight of 0.58 came fifth. The cultural and social index was in the sixth place with a weight of 0.48.
Political sciences
Hoda sadat Vaezi; Ali Alihosseini
Abstract
Although in the history of mankind, various experiences of the presence of women in the fields of power and politics in various positions have been recorded, such as; the head of the tribe in matriarchal tribes, the viceroy, the ministry, even in some cases the queen & first person of the empire ...
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Although in the history of mankind, various experiences of the presence of women in the fields of power and politics in various positions have been recorded, such as; the head of the tribe in matriarchal tribes, the viceroy, the ministry, even in some cases the queen & first person of the empire & becoming an admiral and becoming a general (for example in the Sasanian and Achaemenid periods) but until the 19th century and before the growth & expansion of democracy in the world; Most of the women were prevented from participating in various fields, as well as from effective and excellent participation in politics. From the middle of the twentieth century; due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics & enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of women in politics has been expanding as a pervasive process. According to this point that the arenas of human life include political, economic, social & cultural fields and considering that the most effective component of power is the political arena; it can be said: Politics is the most important field of human life and Politics affects the social, economic & even cultural fields. Because political power has the final role of determining, controlling, managing and making decisions. For this reason; participation in political power & attaining political positions have always been very important for people including women. So it should be noted that the presence of women in political positions (achieving political power) is very important. Women's presence on the political positions is strategic importance for considering women's rights at the time of legislation & policy-making and benefiting from female potential in the field of social political management. Therefore; this descriptive-analytical study by document collection method and analysis of some statistics and analogy; tries to answer this question “Given the global trend of women in political positions, What is the status of women in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and What are the possibilities & opportunities for Iranian women to participate in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran?”. The results show that Iran is in a bad position in terms of the global sub-index (Sub-index of political empowerment) even compared to many countries in its region. Also, the research results show that in the future, due to the growing efforts of Iranian women for political participation at the level of the power elite) for example; increasing registration & application & candidacy in the elections of the Islamic Council, the elections of the Assembly Experts & the presidential elections(, considering to increase the level of education of Iranian women) to increase the ranking of Iran in the global index of Educational Attainment(and especially with regard to the globalization process & spreading democratic political culture in the age of communication; the demand of Iranian women to play an effective role in political power & attaining political positions will increase a lot. In order to respond to the demand of elite Iranian women to reach political positions, these important facilities should be emphasized: A history of suitable high university education of Iranian women in fields that related to social political management & political positions (political science, public administration, policy making, law, political sociology, etc.), Realization of the minimum political work experience of women to achieve political positions after four decades of the stability of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Accepting the presence of women in the field of political power by the transitioning society of Iran and The hidden potential of the ideal of the Islamic revolution about the opposition to the instrumental view of capitalism on female gender & the claim about paying special attention to the dignity of women in the main discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is necessary to reduced the impact of barriers for Iranian women to access political positions with some solutions, for example: political system support measures to increase the share of women in political positions & improve the international image of the Islamic Republic of Iran, culture-creating (culturalization) to show the political field with the image of female & male presence and increasing women's self-confidence.
Psychology
Marzieh Salarvand; Farah Naderi
Abstract
The purpose of the current research is to develop a causal model of evaluating body dysmorphic disorder using metacognitive assessment. It integrates positive psychological capital and spiritual well-being among women seeking rhinoplasty, with social harmony as a mediating factor. The research method ...
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The purpose of the current research is to develop a causal model of evaluating body dysmorphic disorder using metacognitive assessment. It integrates positive psychological capital and spiritual well-being among women seeking rhinoplasty, with social harmony as a mediating factor. The research method is descriptive correlational, employing structural equation modeling. The study population consisted of all women seeking rhinoplasty who visited specialized and super-specialized cosmetic and nasal surgery clinics, including Top Clinic, Dr. Najaf Beigi Clinic, Tehran Beauty Clinic, and Tarah Tab Clinic, located in regions 1 and 2 of Tehran, during the autumn and winter of2023. Three hundred individuals were selected using the Convenience Judgmental Sampling method for the research sample. The research tools included the Metacognition Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (Rabiei et al.,2011), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans (2007), the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (Dehshiri et al., 2013), and the Al-72 Social Harmony Questionnaire (Lotfi, 1993). The data analysis employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method and utilized the software SPSS and Amos. The findings reveal that the causal model evaluating body dysmorphic disorder through Positive Psychological Capital and Spiritual Well-being among women seeking rhinoplasty, with the mediating role of social harmony, exhibits a favorable goodness of fit. Furthermore, social harmony significantly and negatively mediates the impact of Positive Psychological Capital and Spiritual Well-being on the assessment of body dysmorphic disorder among women interested in rhinoplasty.
Women's Studies
shohre rowshani
Abstract
Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family ...
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Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible. In this regard the purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle. Some conditions, such as the support and companionship of the spouse and the university, have a more prominent role in establishing balance, and in addition to helping women to successfully fulfill their career and motherhood duties, by reducing the tensions of fulfilling roles simultaneously and creating the Reassurance and calmness are effective in playing a balanced role of work and motherhood and it is necessary to pay special attention to them.
Sociology
Ahmad Dorahaki; Masoumeh Akhavan Armaki
Abstract
Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship ...
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Motherhood is an important aspect of women's life, which manifests itself with the two important functions of giving birth and nurture children. With the advent of modernity, becoming a mother and motherhood as the pre-defined main role of women has been questioned and redefined. Investigating the relationship between changes in the attitude towards maternal identity and women's fertility can be helpful in understanding the change of fertility in Iran. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the attitude towards maternal identity and the number of intended fertility of married women aged 18-44 in the urban areas of Kashan city and with a quantitative approach and a descriptive-correlational nature. In this regard, a sample of 385 women with at least one child (with motherhood experience) referring to the health service centers of urban areas of Kashan were selected and investigated by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The validity of the research items was obtained through formal and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the conceptual variables of the research was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research show that the average of intended fertility is 2.2 in the women of the study. The score of the attitude towards maternal identity of the study women is higher than the expected average. This issue indicates the existence of a desire and a pleasant feeling towards the motherhood identity, in other words, it shows the priority and importance of the role of a motherhood compared to other roles of the women in the study. The results of multivariate analysis show that by controlling all the variables, the variable of attitude towards maternal identity positively and attitude towards gender equality and education have a negative effect on women's intention fertility. The lower the score of the attitude towards maternal identity (importance and priority of the mother's role) and the higher the score of the attitude towards gender equality, the less the number of intended fertility. Also, women with university education have less intend fertility. On the other hand, the findings indicate a statistically significant and effect relationship of gender equality variables and education on the attitude towards maternal identity of the studied women. According to the results of the research path analysis model, it can be said that the attitude towards maternal identity is related to the number of children intended by women in two direct ways and also as a mediator of the effect of gender equality variables and education. Therefore, according to the changes that are taking place in the mentioned components, it is suggested that the policy makers consider the expansion of facilities and support programs that lead to the reduction of the conflict between the components of empowerment and independence of women with maternal identity in the new demographic policies. Facilitation and support programs in the field of maternal identity are a way of valuing the authentic cultural foundation of Iranian society in this relation.
Bahareh Nasiri
Abstract
Due to the fact that corona virus, as a threat to people's lives, has also severely disrupted social life and has turned into a "super-problem" and even a "super-crisis". In this situation, women usually find more expectations from themselves, because it seems that women want to play their part in curbing ...
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Due to the fact that corona virus, as a threat to people's lives, has also severely disrupted social life and has turned into a "super-problem" and even a "super-crisis". In this situation, women usually find more expectations from themselves, because it seems that women want to play their part in curbing this crisis well. The time that women spend these days to improve the quality of life at home according to its necessity, maybe it is a kind of non-stop management that should be analyzed, determined and determined in different dimensions and sides, priorities and deadlines, compared to normal times. to accomplish Discussing the balance between the career and family roles of women who are members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes in the days of Corona and studying their lived experiences can play an effective role in the recognition and development of women's employment literature. This phenomenological research has examined the lived experiences of 30 female faculty members of participating universities and research institutes with the aim of discovering and describing how to balance career and family roles in the days of Corona. In order to collect data, the research used a semi-structured interview with a purposeful sampling method. The analysis process was carried out in three macro levels. In the third level of analysis, the result of the equalization of intellectual horizons: 5 horizons related to the creation of remote work, 5 horizons related to the emergence of a new cultural issue, 9 horizons related to home quarantine, 7 horizons related to the experience of living in the Corona crisis, 6 horizons related to Establishing a balance between work and family life, there were 3 horizons related to balance in the field of education and research and 3 horizons related to strategies and solutions. In the second level, coherent descriptions of the narratives were formed by establishing a balance between professional and family life, influencing fields, positive and negative effects and consequences, strategies and solutions, and at the highest abstract level or analysis, the structural integration of coherent descriptions Done.Finally, women who are members of the academic staff of universities and research institutes; They proposed strategies and solutions to improve the balance between work and family life in three areas: 1- In the field of research, the implementation of a remote work plan in research jobs can be useful for researchers, especially women, 2- In the field of management, if it is required to do it in It is not the work environment, managers can make remote work voluntary and at the discretion of the researcher, and 3- in the family domain, emphasizing the caring ethics of women in family life, as well as the strong role that women can have in persuading family members to live in a new way in crises.
Management
Razieh Aghababaei
Abstract
The lack of career advancement of women in organizations can lead to several negative consequences such as organizational obstruction, organizational silence, and so on. This lack of career advancement of women in organizations is known as the glass cliff phenomenon. The purpose of this research was ...
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The lack of career advancement of women in organizations can lead to several negative consequences such as organizational obstruction, organizational silence, and so on. This lack of career advancement of women in organizations is known as the glass cliff phenomenon. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the glass cliff phenomenon on the formation of organizational obstruction and organizational silence with the moderating role of perceived organizational support. The type of research was descriptive, correlational, and the statistical population consisted of 412 female employees in University of Tehran that 204 one were selected as a sample. In order to collect data, four questionnaires of glass cliff, organizational silence, organizational obstruction and perceived organizational support were used. The validity of questionnaires was checked in form face, construction, convergent and divergent. Through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the reliability of the glass cliff questionnaire was estimated 0.89, organizational silence 0.85, organizational obstruction 0.72, and perceived organizational support 0.77. The results showed that the mean of glass cliff, organizational obstruction and organizational silence was higher than average and the mean of perceived organizational support was lower than average. According to the results, the glass cliff has a positive and significant effect on organizational obstruction and organizational silence. Also, perceived organizational support has a negative & significant effect on organizational silence and organizational obstruction. In addition, the moderating role of perceived organizational support in the effect of the glass cliff on organizational obstruction and organizational silence was confirmed.
economics
Atieh Honardoust; Saba Karim Abadi
Abstract
Dressing and preparing suitable clothing is one of the indicators and superiority of humans. Since women play an essential role in the various relationships of every society, in other words, all social, cultural, political and economic programs will achieve the desired result with their performance and ...
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Dressing and preparing suitable clothing is one of the indicators and superiority of humans. Since women play an essential role in the various relationships of every society, in other words, all social, cultural, political and economic programs will achieve the desired result with their performance and support; Therefore, choosing the type of their cover is of particular importance. Because hijab has a special place in the religion of Islam and Iran as an Islamic country, and in addition, it has significant economic and cultural effects on the social life of individuals. One of the ways to investigate the place of hijab in the society is to investigate the behavior of consumers. The utility function reflects the consumption behavior and preferences of consumers, and by using it, it becomes possible to analyze the individual's demand structure. In this regard, the analysis of the demand structure and household consumption pattern is very important for the goals of economic activists, so that the policy makers and planners use its results to predict the future situation and finally, by evaluating the past policies, it is the basis for detailed planning. It will be provided for them for favorable conditions in the future. On the other hand, producers and other market agents need to forecast demand in order to plan and design their production and sales, and demand elasticity is important for this reason.In this study, using data from the period 1990 to 2020, the model of an almost ideal demand system for four types of hijab goods - black veil, cotton cloak, mantle, scarf and shawl - in Iran using the panel data method as a single equation and A system is estimated. The results of this study show that according to the criterion of good fit, the system model has a higher explanatory power.Based on the single-equation estimation, the elasticity of cotton tent, black tent, coat, scarf and mask was equal to 6, 22.04, 18.25, and 25.62, respectively.The estimation of the system model in terms of the significance of the coefficients is the same as the single-equation model. According to the system model, the income elasticity of the cotton tent, black tent, coat, scarf and mask is equal to 6.33, 17.56, 18.44, and 19.32, respectively. The elasticity and sign of the coefficients of Manto are substitutes for the black veil and the cotton veil and have a complementary relationship with the other hijab products mentioned in this research. The black chador has a complementary relationship with the cotton chador and the shawl and scarf.Based on the obtained results, both the systematic estimate and the single-equation estimate have a positive income elasticity, which indicates that with the increase in people's income, they go for higher and higher-quality hijab goods, which causes an increase in the share of expenditure on goods. It becomes a veil. By comparing the elasticities in both estimations, it can be concluded that the share of expenditure on hijab, headscarves and masks is more sensitive to income changes.
Habib Allah Sadeghi; Fatemeh Torabi
Abstract
Over the past decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran, resulting from economic, social, and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. Comparing the establishment ...
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Over the past decade, various and heterogeneous types of households have emerged in Iran, resulting from economic, social, and demographic changes. One of the most significant demographic changes in the country is the increase in the frequency of female-headed households. Comparing the establishment of female-headed families in developed and developing countries indicates that social, economic, and demographic factors have different effects on these types of households. Therefore, through a Critical study of all existing research, which has focused on central averages and disregards micro-level changes, it is possible to establish a clear foundation for policies affecting female-headed families. Focusing on female-headed families, as a distinct group, this study examined their similarities and differences in social, economic, and demographic aspects at the county level, and studied their distribution within the theoretical frameworks of second demographic transition and inequalities concerning drive and pressure mechanisms. Based on the current theoretical and experimental literature, this study classifies the existing components in terms of their role in the formation of female-headed families as "driver" and "pressure." Voluntary drivers of the feminization of household headship were analyzed using the second demographic transition theory and the forced pressures of feminization of household headship were investigated in the context of inequality theory.This paper examines the role of driver and pressure mechanisms on the distribution of female-headed households in 429 Iranian counties in 2016 using data from the Statistical Center of Iran and spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Getis index), K-mean clustering and ordinary least squares regression methods. The results of spatial autocorrelation revealed that southeast counties have the highest concentration of female-headed households, while the lowest concentration is observed in northwest counties extending in a line to the center. According to the spatial clustering model and the hierarchical exploratory analysis method on the variables of the percentage of female-headed households, economic, demographic, and social status, the counties are divided into five clusters with the smallest difference from the central average in each cluster and the greatest difference with the next cluster in the best case: cluster 1 includes only three counties and is considered an outlier; cluster 2 contains the north-west, south, and north-east counties and affected by economic drivers; cluster 3 contains central and northern counties and affected by social and demographic drivers; cluster 4 contains western and southwestern counties and affected by demographic and economic pressures; and cluster 5 contains southeastern and eastern counties and affected by social and economic pressures.Furthermore, the results of ordinary least squares regression revealed that the covariates explain 75% of fluctuations in the frequency of female-headed families. The three economic components of the percentage of jobless families, employment rate of urban women, and economic participation rate had a positive and significant impact (at an error level of less than 0.001) on the development of female-headed households. The socio-demographic components of the percentage of widowed women, early marriage, percentage of divorced women, and the literacy rate of women had a positive and significant effect, and the two components of the percentage of the ever-married population and the percentage of the urban population had a negative and significant effect (at an error level of 0.001) on the formation of female-headed households in counties of Iran.Generally, Social, economic, and demographic changes have a relatively strong impact on the formation of female-headed households via two driving and pressuring mechanisms. As a result, empowering women in the context of the second demographic transition can increase these households in districts (central and north counties) influenced by the driving mechanism. Continued social, economic, and demographic pressures can increase these households in districted (southeast counties) affected by the pressuring mechanisms. Thus, policymaking based on the role of these mechanisms may help the state to empower and support these families.
Women's Studies
Yahya Bouzarinejad; Abolfazl Eghbali
Abstract
In social studies, reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements ...
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In social studies, reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. Iranian society considers religion and religious leaders among the most effective models and references for determining lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Iranian society considers religion and religious leaders among the most effective models and references for determining lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Consequently, it appears that explaining and introducing religious lifestyle patterns in relation to history and the practical behavior of religious elders and innocents (PBUH) may have a substantial impact on determining and directing Iranian lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Consequently, it appears that explaining and introducing religious lifestyle patterns in relation to history and the practical behavior of religious elders and innocents (PBUH) may have a substantial impact on determining and directing Iranian lifestyles. Considering Hazrat Zahra's (S.A.) practical behavior as a transhistorical model, the model of Muslim women can be derived in many aspects of their personal, family, and social lives. Thus, this article attempts to interpret their practical behavior from a gender identity and femininity perspective. This study uses a documentary methodology and authentic texts were used for data collection. This study uses a documentary methodology and authentic texts were used for data collection. On the basis of the ontological, anthropological, religious-cognitive, and Islamic epistemic values, the present study identifies the components of femininity in the context of hijab, modesty and immaculacy, wifehood, motherhood, housekeeping, and meaningful social and described a female narrative of her traits and personal, family and social life.. And each Some of them have been reviewed historically in the practical conduct of Hazrat Zahra (S.A.) and described a female narrative of her traits and personal, family and social life. practical conduct (SIRAH) is a reference for many questions and issues of today's era, and referring to them can be a guide for people of science and thought, as well as policy makers of the country in various fields. Therefore, it is suggested that the study of practical conduct (SIRAH) should be placed on the agenda of the research people and the scientific community of the country.
Sociology
Mahsa Tizchang; Sharareh Mehdizadeh
Abstract
The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers living in multiple and different worlds. This study aimed to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the ...
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The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers living in multiple and different worlds. This study aimed to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the weakness of research. First of all, the questions of this study are based on the description of the salient points of domestic worker women's experience of the work and life situation in a context of different worlds. In what situations and with which mechanisms do these women experience difference and inequality? How does the perception resulting from such an experience manifest itself in people's consciousness? How can the more structural implications of such situational perception be explained? The approach and method are based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation concerning others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease which is the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting based on perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of their consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness, and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful, and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, the difference in social status, and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities amid such intersections. At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country allows for consideration of gender, class, and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize domestic work and its value. The approach and method is based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation in relation to others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease that is clearly the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting on the basis of perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of its consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, difference in social status and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities in the midst of such intersections.At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities, but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country, allows to consider gender, class and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize care (including domestic work) and its value.
Management
Majid Alavi Manesh; Zohre Sharei
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics probably related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism, organizational citizenship behaviors, and gender role beliefs are necessary and can benefit ...
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Understanding the characteristics probably related to an individual's exceptional role performance is important for creating a cohesive and successful workforce. Investigating the relationships between workaholism, organizational citizenship behaviors, and gender role beliefs are necessary and can benefit employers and employees. The effects of workaholism and gender role beliefs on the organizational citizenship behavior are examined in the employees of branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province.The research is a descriptive/analytical study conducted as a survey, which is an applied work in terms of its purpose. A questionnaire containing 33 questions was used to collect data (user addiction measurements following Spence and Robbins, 1992; gender role beliefs following Dicke et al., 2019; and organizational citizenship behavior following Williams and Anderson, 1991). The study population consisted of all the employees at the branches of Bank Mellat in Alborz Province (n=500). After confirming the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 220 questionnaires (according to Cochran's formula) were randomly distributed, and based on the analysis, the research model was implemented in SMART PLS3 twice (with moderator and without moderator).According to the frequency observed in the sample members, 56.8% of the respondents were men, 50% of the respondents had between 5 and 10 years of service experience in Bank Mellat, which contributed the most in answering the questions of this research. 61.4% of respondents were between 40 and 50 years old, 89.1% of respondents had bachelor's education, 10.9% had postgraduate education. According to the obtained results, the factor loadings of all the questions were greater than 0.7 and the reliability indices (Cronbach's alpha, composite alpha, RHO_A index, and AVE) were acceptable. Therefore, the construct reliability and convergent and divergent validity of the research were confirmed. The implemented model showed that Workaholism had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 2.095, β: 0.225). Gender role beliefs had a significant and positive relationship with organizational citizenship behavior (T: 359.16, β: 0.615). In addition, the positive effects of gender adjustment on the relationship between gender role beliefs and organizational citizenship behavior was confirmed (T: 159.2, β: 0.292). The GOF index was equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index was equal to 0.04 <0.05; thus, the structural model of the study was confirmed. According to the obtained results, the GOF fit index is equal to 0.701, which is a strong value, and the SRMR index is equal to 0.04, which is lower than the value of 0.05, so the structural model of this research has a good fit.As society continues to change, gender role beliefs expand beyond the limits of biological gender. Understanding how these beliefs relate to work behavior (such as organizational citizenship behaviors) is essential for organizations. Considering that both genders have an equal share in organizational excellence in today's society, many suggested not to consider gender in assigning organizational roles and instead pay attention to employees' competencies. If employees are convinced that their gender has no impact on their promotion, they will certainly show positive behaviors toward better organizational performance and performing the assigned tasks. They will also have a greater tendency to adhere to the rules and regulations of the organization. At the same time, bank managers should take into account the existence of gender role beliefs, because women and men play different social roles in their personal lives. Different genders have different roles at home and when these differences are taken into account by the organization, employees will experience less stress and discomfort at work. Through this, employees will find enough time and energy for additional role behaviors at work, such as organizational citizenship behavior. Working in a bank is very stressful for bank employees due to the financial nature of the duties. In addition, workaholism leads to stress at work, which leads to a lack of energy to demonstrate different work behaviors such as organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, workaholism damages mental health and disrupts relationships with colleagues. In the long term, it neutralizes the positive effects on citizenship behavior, if any. Finally, it leads to job frustration and reduction of job commitment and even job effectiveness in employees. Therefore, the managers should try to continue and improve work conditions to make sure that the employees always enjoy their work and have an inner desire to work (i.e. keeping the employees interested in their job).
Sociology
Osman Hedayat
Abstract
The current research aims to phenomenologically understand how the girls living in border lines face life after graduation. It uses girls' experiences as a basis for the situation analysis of graduates in border regions to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. ...
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The current research aims to phenomenologically understand how the girls living in border lines face life after graduation. It uses girls' experiences as a basis for the situation analysis of graduates in border regions to analyze the multiple determinants of their marginal, gender, and educational status. Becuse of their inferior status, which can be due to gender discrimination, or/and their being border residents, or/and being an ethnic and religious minority, they have considered graduation as the only way out of the multiple intersections of inequality they face in life. The current research has discussed this subject with the graduating border-living girls to discover whether higher education has led them to improve their status. Therefore, the lived experience of female graduates of public universities has been studied in four dimensions: lived body, lived time, lived space, and lived human relationships after graduation. It attempts to restore the voice and position of girls as subordinates in graduation status in a borderline, gender, and educational situation. For this, Max Van Manen's hermeneutic and methodological approach has been applied to interpret and analyze the experiences of 30 female graduates in various fields of public universities in rural and urban border areas of Marivan, Sarovabad, and Baneh. Considering that the narratives of university the border-living graduated girls are studies, a hermeneutic theoretical basis is adopted and mega-narratives, on the one hand, and rejecting pre-existing assumptions, are avoided. In this research, hermeneutic phenomenology (interpretation) with emphasis on Max Van Manen's perspective and technique is applied to acquire the lived experiences of female graduates. According to van Manen, harmonic phenomenology provides a systematic approach to studying and interpreting a phenomenon, and it also allows the phenomenon to be analyzed and discovered with an interpretative point of view so that the researcher can gain a deeper understanding during the interpretation process. The results showed that the interviewees' understanding of their bodies is indicative of a worn-out body, caused by the entry into higher education and the borderline situation. Girls experience time in the forms of stress and social suffering, and they perceive border space after graduation as an unsafe and unstable space. Themes indicate the idea of discerning time as understanding the suffering of exclusion and marginalization from development and politics. The subject-border situation has created an environment for female graduates that is insecure and unstable. A space born from the frontier position, the position of femininity, the position of graduation. This space has influenced and shaped both the body and time. The chain of dimensions was completed with the description and analysis of human relations lived in the border situation. In such a way that they put human relationships after graduation in a borderline position with contradictory relationships. Relationships that were formed by disconnecting from the previous position and entering the university, and then returning to the borderline position due to rejection in the work and job process, lack of re-creation of a better position and position. They also interpret human relationships in the form of contradictory relationships, which indicate a break from the relationships before and after the graduates, relationships that are unstable and experienced as interruptions. Therefore, although they have not been able to change their position by graduating, they have found a deep understanding of it, which indicates questioning the role of higher education in the change of women in border areas. The discussion of marginalized subjects due to being in a borderline position and being a woman has been this research's theoretical, experimental, and methodological position. The discussion of the life world of female graduates living in the border areas of Kurdistan province, who are in multiple intersections of subjugation, brings us to the multidimensionality and multifacetedness of their views, critiques, and situational pluralism. Discovering the multi-layered nature of their subordinate position - the layer of location (bordering), time position (graduate in the current state of the higher education system), ethnic position (being Kurdish), religious position (being Sunni), and more importantly, gender position (female) Being a girl) is one of the results of this research.
Maryam Ahmadinejad
Abstract
Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children.During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard the security of the citizens ...
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Among the crimes agonizing human communities in modern age were crimes that were perpetrated by ISIS groups in Syria and Iraq against women and children.During years of their ruling in those occupied lands Iran led by Martyr Soliemani, offered unique services to help safeguard the security of the citizens in those areas. In addition to the many violences that ISIS inflicted on civilians in the areas under its sovereignty, such as barbaric and mass killings, looting, enforced disappearance, mental and physical torture, food and drug sanctions, committed heinous and unprecedented crimes against women and children that the most important of which are: enslavement and trafficking of women and children, rape and sexual violence, ethnic and religious cleansing and compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed.This is while, ISIS crimes against women and children have been a part of this terrorist group's strategy, as a weapon and war tactic to create terror, humiliate and crush people's resistance, so that ISIS managed several media to spread these tragedies. ISIS leaders not only put crimes against women and children on their agenda for military purposes, but also used the trafficking of women and children as one of the financial sources. In addition, ISIS brought to the fore a new model of abuse of women under the name of Jihad Nikah. That in many cases, it was a clear example of human trafficking. Jihad Nikah was a title for the exploitation of women, which mainly through seduction and deception by abusing the religious feelings of women who had extremist thoughts, caused terrible tragedies. What intellectual and emotional degeneration has happened in these women that they suffer hardships to be part of a group that is responsible for crimes against women and children, and they willingly work to advance the crimes of ISIS.According to this, the current research, through a descriptive research, seeks to answer the question, what were the main crimes committed by ISIS against women and children, and what was the effect of Martyr Soleimani's efforts in warding off these dangers? In response to the research problem, the investigations showed that the fact is that terrorist acts and violent ideology of ISIS and its severe, systematic and widespread attacks on civilians, especially women and children, was a global threat to international peace and security. This terrorist group committed heinous crimes with gross violation of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law that many of which included war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and it hurt and disturbed the minds of the international community. In between, Martyr Qassem Soleimani made a detailed plan to deal with the enemies, immediately after the official invitation of the governments of Syria and Iraq. His goal was to preserve the honor of the nations of the region and saving them from the rule of criminals and terrorist and violent extremist groups, especially ISIS. He freed many cities from the capture and occupation of ISIS, and freed many women from sexual slavery by using strong war tactics and activating political diplomacy and mobilization of popular forces. The efforts of the resistance forces under the leadership of General Soleimani in liberating the areas and freeing women and children from the, were so effective that many Western media announced: "Suleimani and the Iraqi militias he commands have played a key role in halting ISIS" and the US general Stanley McChrystal wrote:“Suleimani is arguably the most powerful and unconstrained actor in the Middle East today,”
Zahra Rezaeinasab; Ali Feizolahi; Maryam Keshavarz
Abstract
Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage, and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife, and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs ...
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Marriage is one of the three milestones in human life, i.e. birth, marriage, and death. Marriage is related to changes in a person's view of himself, his wife, and the world. A person who gets married is affected by changes in personal and social fields. Therefore, if an important disturbance occurs in a person's marriage, all his personal, interpersonal, and social processes will be affected. The social developments of the past decades at the global level have faced the family system with new and diverse changes, challenges, issues, and needs. During this period, the family has been increasingly under threat due to multiple and complex factors. When the functions of the family, such as biological, social, cognitive, and emotional functions are damaged one after another, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. The gradual decrease in the satisfaction of the family members first causes psychological dissociation, then social dissociation, and finally, a legal event, which is called divorce. Divorce is one of the factors of breaking up and disintegrating the family unit, which can have many consequences for people in society. Nowadays, virtual social networks play a role as one of the most important factors in many divorces and disturbances in couples' relationships. The purpose of this research is to study how marital life changes and breaks up through virtual social networks from the perspective of divorced women in Ilam City. The research paradigm is constructive and interpretive; The research approach is qualitative and the research strategy is phenomenology. Thematic analysis and Brown and Clark's framework have been used for data analysis. Of course, it should be mentioned that two types of methods in phenomenology, i.e. interpretation and explanation, have been used to analyze the results. The studied community includes all the divorced women of Ilam City who have had the experience of using virtual social networks. How to choose the subjects to be studied are based on purposeful sampling. The number of samples until the theoretical saturation stage was estimated to be 15 people. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. This research was done to answer three important questions. How do divorced women understand, define, and interpret family and marital relations? How do virtual networks become the basis for breaking up and transforming marital relations? What are the most important virtual social networks used by women that have been effective in breaking up relationships? In this research, the understanding, definition, and subjective meaning of divorced women from family and marital relationships in the form of 4 categories "family as a system", "unfavorable image of family", "difference between previous interpretations and existing reality" and "fatalistic attitude" became. The results of the research showed that the evolution and breakup of married life can be analyzed and investigated from the point of view of divorced women in the form of main themes including "creating cocoons of loneliness", "separation from kinship networks", "individual injuries", "destructive", "Instrument of family dysfunction", "consumption display", and "virtual networks as the transformation of value system".In this research, the most important social networks used by divorced women, which have been effective in creating coldness and eventually breaking the relationship in these families, are, respectively: Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, and YouTube. In the current research and based on the statements of divorced women, it can be concluded that virtual social networks have played a role in marital dissatisfaction. The Elamite society and culture and consequently the people in the family institution have been affected by these communication technologies. It seems that virtual social networks cannot be interpreted as inherently bad or good, but their impact on the private and social life of people depends on the amount and time of their use, because as the results and women's conversations show, extreme use and In a way, the addiction to these spaces has been effective in changing and breaking relationships between the members of these families. If a context is provided so that family members can find out how to use these spaces to strengthen their family cohesion and bonds, it will also have positive results, but non-interactive uses of this space will lead to rejection and social isolation of people in the family and Society has created. At the end of the research and according to the obtained results, research and practical suggestions have been presented.
Women's Studies
Nahid Salimi
Abstract
Policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. Therefore, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and significant part of actors and stakeholders ...
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Policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. Therefore, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and significant part of actors and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Meanwhile, women, as a vital part of the active body of society and direct involvement with the dynamic institution of the family, play a crucial role in recognizing and solving problems in all public spheres. The Islamic Republic, as a transcendent government, which is a system based on religious democracy, will need to pay attention to this part of the actors and facilitate their public participation in the processes of problem recognition, decision-making and monitoring. For this purpose, we need to enumerate the components of this participation from the perspective of religious discourse to achieve the Islamic requirements for women's public participation in the process of forming an Islamic governance. In this study, with the aim of extracting these components, the qualitative method and thematic analysis strategy have been used. To answer the main question of the research, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with religious experts overlooking the women's activism space with a practical or theoretical background in policy-making. Data analysis in the coding process led to the emergence of 48 basic themes in the form of 10 organizing themes and 2 Global themes and presenting a network of themes. Findings showed that the Islamic conceptual pattern of women's social body participation in the policy-making process of women include two Global dimensions of participation components and participation mechanisms. components include: Purposefulness, problem-oriented, social body leveling, religiosity and divinity, and allocation of arenas and boundaries. Mechanisms include the following: legality and legitimacy, generalization and de-genderization, empowerment, intermediary institutions and specialized institutions.In prescribing the practical Islamic model of women's participation in this approach, it should be noted that being political in the objective component, with the issue of politicization in recognizing the issue despite the Proximity of word, have a clear conceptual difference and application, so that the explanation of the problem in the objective component is related to the political issue. It is for the purpose and goal of preserving the Islamic system, while the theme of politicization in the problem-oriented component looks at the form and manner of interaction of the policy maker with the social body. This damage appears in the bias of this process from the discourse of political parties and currents in the agenda setting and identifying important issues for attention and policy making.Prescribing the mechanism of generality and degendering of social body participation arrangements in the process of policy making and problem recognition in this area should also be done under the two components of purposefulness and allocation of arenas. In this sense, just doing righteous deeds in Islamic governance, which has strengthened the Islamic system, is recommended and prescribed in all fields regardless of gender in the religious approach, and the assigned boundaries in Islam only determine the way of participation in these public fields. Using the purely legal capacity and legitimacy of the prescriptive mechanisms also allows the creation of innovative legal structures such as intermediary circles with newer approaches to manage the fields of public activism and public satisfaction to claimants and experts along with the social body. In this approach, by looking at the successful structures in other governance models in interaction with the social body of women, it is possible to design and implement successful internal models within religious frameworks. In the end, what seems to be necessary in this matter is the creation of expert institutions and the need to add analytical and research attachments to the field of women and family policymaking at all stages and to achieve all components and mechanisms. This capacity, on the one hand, to create theoretical and practical coherence in Islamic governance, and on the other hand, in order to manage existing demands and make demands based on the present and future needs of the Islamic society, will be one of the advantages of expert actions.
Women's Studies
Elham Shirdel; Mehdi Moeini; Abdolhamid Dehani
Abstract
The transformation of society, the independence of the work environment from the family environment, changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, and the economic need of households increased society and families' demand for women's employment. In the industry ...
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The transformation of society, the independence of the work environment from the family environment, changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, and the economic need of households increased society and families' demand for women's employment. In the industry and service sectors, it led to the entry of women into the labor market, and as a result, the number of employed women increased. Therefore, the connection of life with employment or being a housewife is one of the most critical issues for the quality of life of women in society, which can play a fundamental and decisive role in managing the lives of employed and married women. Meanwhile, in recent decades the issue of quality of life has attracted the attention of many scientists. Although it is crucial to study the quality of life of all the strata of society, in the meantime, paying attention to the way of women life and their quality of life can be very effective in improving the health of families, today's and tomorrow's generations, and ultimately the entire society. Considering the change in the lifestyle and traditional roles of women in today's society, as well as their extensive participation in various fields, the present research aims to rank the factors affecting the quality of life of employed and married women. The current research is a type of applied study with the nature of a descriptive-survey research method. The target statistical population in Mehrestan city consists of 16 married women (employed or not) with at least five years of marriage history and a master's degree in sociology, who, due to the unwillingness of some of them to cooperate in research or the impossibility of accessing them, finally 13 (including seven employed-housewives and six unemployeds) experts cooperated in completing the questionnaires and were studied as the statistical sample of the research. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of the studied society, an enumeration method was used for sampling. The information in this research is collected from library materials(books, articles, reliable scientific databases), standard questionnaires, and paired matrix questionnaires (experts). To measure the validity of the questionnaire, identifying the factors based on the Likert scale, considering the standard questionnaire, face validity was used, and measuring its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient shows good reliability. Also, according to the calculated inconsistency rate (less than 0.1), the expert questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis concluded using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software. The findings of this research indicate that among the sixaffecting factors on the quality of life of employed and unemployed married women in Mehrestan city, the social relationship was identified as the main factor. In the following, the social security factor was second, the social support factor was third, the social status factor was fourth, the cultural capital factor was fifth, and the public health factor was ranked sixth. This research showed that women's social ties in their quality of life stands higher than other factors, and social security, support, and status are in the next level. In other words, the most paramount factor in women's quality of life is having a network of healthy social relationships with favorable social security, support, and status compared to others. Cultural capital is also effective in women's access to resources and improving their quality of life. Also, with the increase in women's general health, their quality of life increases. Therefore, it can be accepted that employed married women are attracted to the social framework due to their participation in social activities, and as a result, they do not see a difference between individual and social values, and they have a sense of responsibility and trust towards social values and norms that increase social integration. Therefore, they feel that the community's fate is related to its components, and thet they see the community as a suitable place for their evolution. This positive attitude towards the community and people brings social acceptance and increases the social health of the individual, which, as a result, improves the quality of life of employed married women and increases their psychological security.
Sociology
ali feizolahi
Abstract
Introduction: Domestic violence is observed in all societies, in all social groups and classes, and numerous reports have confirmed that it is a problem in Iran. Some sociologists have tried to explain such a situation from the perspective of gender socialization, and some have considered it as ...
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Introduction: Domestic violence is observed in all societies, in all social groups and classes, and numerous reports have confirmed that it is a problem in Iran. Some sociologists have tried to explain such a situation from the perspective of gender socialization, and some have considered it as a product of the patriarchal system and oppression against women. Some people consider problematizing of this problem to be more due to the perception and understanding of the society and important social groups. Therefore, knowing the quality and quantity of the problem, requires conducting research from the perspective of the people involved in that problematized situation.However, the necessity of conducting this research consists of the following: First, the social researches of the last few decades in Iran regarding the phenomenon of domestic violence have mainly been conducted with quantitative approaches, and this research has been conducted with a qualitative approach based on the grounded theory method, which is an appropriate method. Second, presenting a local analysis of the phenomenon of domestic violence from the perspective of the women themselves who have experienced violence. Meanwhile, the purpose of this research is to know how women understand the conditions, contexts, and consequences of domestic violence in their lives.Method: The research is qualitative and based on the method of grounded theory. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling method with the criterion of theoretical saturation among violent married women who referred to positive life centers of the Behzisti Organization in Ilam. The Acceptance criteria were used for accreditation and reliability was achieved through auditing method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 of the battered married women and coding were performed using Nvivo12 software.Findings: In the data analysis and in the process of open coding, 288 meaningful statements and 160 primary concepts were obtained, by combining the concepts, 48 subcategories and 21 main categories were extracted, and by using the categories derived from the research, and by discovering lied meanings. In the interviews, the results have been analyzed and presented based on the paradigm model.Findings indicate the role of family factors such as stressful interaction, status imbalance; Social factors such as carnival-like encounters with marriage; Cultural factors such as patriarchal perceptions. Women's reactions have been largely passive, and the consequences have been the normalization of the role of passive victim for women.Discussion: Comparing the research findings with the theories of thinkers containing similarities and convergences, including in areas such as: "violence as a learned thing" and "learned helplessness of women causing women's passive reactions" (social learning theory), "violence against women is a product of long traditions The domain of male domination and patriarchy" (feminist perspective), "violence as a consequence of ignoring and justifying violence against women" (theory of condescending attitudes) and also the theory of the integrated ecological model are in theoretical comparison. In the selective coding of this research, it has led to the selection of two core research categories, which means that in the first degree.Domestic violence against women is the product of women's experienced helplessness, which, in conjunction with the second core category, which is patriarchal ideas, and the combination and convergence of these two, leads to the establishment, stabilization, reproduction and continuation of a subculture of domestic violence against women, and passive reactions. Against this, women help the normalization process of this particular kind of abnormality.In other words, this special type of "learned helplessness" as well as normalizing the role of "passive victim" for women, is pregnant with the mechanisms that foster semantic justifications and prepare cultural bases for the acceptance of domestic violence against women, and it deepens ideological justifications charged with the components of patriarchal culture. It helps in the studied society.The final result of this process can be analyzed under the core category of the research entitled "Domestic violence against women is a product of the combination of women's experienced helplessness and patriarchal ideas", which is the result of family management in the context of preserving the functions of patriarchal tradition along with the structural transmission of violence in It is a cultural mechanism based on gender socialization. In other words, domestic violence is the result of family management in the context of preserving the functions of the patriarchal tradition, along with the structural transmission of violence in the cultural mechanism and based on gender socialization, which fosters forms of subculture of violence that have extensive negative consequences for women, their children and society.
Sociology
Sedigheh Piri; Zahra Asadhaydari
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most ...
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The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies for achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love," Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory," Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism," Badiou's "In Praise of Love," and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers (13 mothers and 13 daughters). Based on the primary and the secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three demeans.The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as the commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis," and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations.The findings show a diversity of meanings related to loyalty among participants.A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal.b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is a kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles, and responsibilities. c) Another meaning of generally emphasized loyalty, is loyalty as a kind of inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, love, and the expression of love.d) Loyalty is one of the most important moral and religious principles emphasized by mothers.e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters.The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age of participants, mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betrayal, and daughters who are closer to their mothers in terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies, especially in mothers; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty, or even a sense of it, lead to divorce; age also has an impact on choosing strategies. The restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative ones. An eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people
Sociology
Abbas Lotfizadeh; Mohammad javad Zahedi Mazandarani
Abstract
Recently, extensive changes have occurred in the social and intimate relationships of the Iranian society, especially among women, and today young women show a different approach compared to the women of previous generations on intimate relationships. The area of family relationships in Tabriz, like ...
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Recently, extensive changes have occurred in the social and intimate relationships of the Iranian society, especially among women, and today young women show a different approach compared to the women of previous generations on intimate relationships. The area of family relationships in Tabriz, like the entire society of Iran, has undergone transformation in the last century. Among others, we can mention the increase in the divorce rate, the increase in the age of marriage, and the ongoing tensions in married life. On the other hand, the individual and social identity of women has also undergone changes subjected to social and political changes in the society. In the past decades, influenced by modernization and modernism, Tabriz women have experienced extensive structural and attitudinal changes in their role and status. The change in the role and status of women, more than anything else, can affect their attitudes to married life. The question that can be raised is whether the recent pervasive entrance of women into the public sphere has changed their attitudes to intimacy and intimate relationships?The present research deals with the sociological study of intimate relationships between spouses, focusing on the experience and attitude of women, and their transformation in the city of Tabriz during the last three generations. The purpose of this research is to understand the transformation of Tabriz women's experiences and attitudes on intimacy and married life. Therefore, this article examines the intimate experiences of three generations of Tabriz women regarding to the social conditions of their adolescence and intends to highlight and analyze new dimensions of marital intimacy.The research method used in this research is qualitative. Narrative interviews were used to collect information and grounded theory was used for analyzing data. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to clarify different dimensions of married life by using in-depth narrative interviews with women. For a more systematic investigation, three groups of women were separated: Young women, their mothers and grandmothers. The adolescence of these three age groups can be related to the social and political developments of the last century in Iran. In the first period, the forced modernization of the Pahlavi government, which started from the time of Reza Khan and reached its peak in the 1960s and 1970s, pushed at least some social groups of women into the public domain. In the second period, with the occurrence of the Islamic revolution, the emotional and traditional role of women as housewives was promoted and strengthened. And in the third period, which starts from the late 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century, with the spread of new communication technologies, the relationship of women with the public sphere changed once again and the presence of women in the public sphere of society was facilitated.This article claims that there has been a transformation in the intimacy practices during the three generations under the study. The analysis of the findings shows that in the first generation and to some extent in the second generation, intense social control over social interactions led to adjusting intimate life, but in the third generation, pure intimacy gradually emerged, with the spread of modern forces. Also, in the first and second generations, intimate interactions took place behind the scenes of social life, but with the spread of modern forces and the reduction of the threshold of shame, the social veils of intimacy have become thinner, so that in the third generation, public expression of intimacy is considered a sign of being modern.Finally, according to the findings of the research, it can be said that during the three generations under investigation, there has been an obvious transformation in the practices and patterns of intimacy, and the dominant pattern of intimate life in the third generation has obvious differences with the previous generations. Nowadays, marriages are mainly of an individual and romantic nature; Marital lives has a dynamic character and is based on negotiation; The nature of marital relationships tends to “pure relationship” and mutual interest; Women have an opposing approach to the patriarchal normative system; And expressing intimate actions in the presence of others is not much avoided, unlike the previous generations. The modernization of women has played an important role in this change. Therefore, this article describes the common pattern in the first and second generation with the term “traditional intimacy” and the common pattern in the third generation with the term “modern intimacy”.
Elham Shariati; Fateme Rajaee; Fahime Ahmadi; Zahra Sadat Hejazi
Abstract
Domestic violence against women, as a social issue, has always been considered in different societies. Many researches have been conducted on domestic violence all over the world. There are different kinds of knowledge from which domestic violence can be considered. Psychology, sociology, criminology ...
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Domestic violence against women, as a social issue, has always been considered in different societies. Many researches have been conducted on domestic violence all over the world. There are different kinds of knowledge from which domestic violence can be considered. Psychology, sociology, criminology and pathology are some of these sciences. Researchers have recognized it as a serious social problem and issue. This phenomenon has adverse effects on the health of the body and mind of women and consequently the health of the family and society. According to Quran, men and women are equal in terms of human status and dignity. According to the religion of Islam and the Quran, gender is not a criterion of superiority of one over the other. Considering the role and position of women in the family, there is more attention and investigation on the phenomenon of domestic violence. In this research, the issue of husband violence against the wife has been tried to be investigated from a jurisprudential and legal point of view. In addition, some questions about the permissibility of such violence in Islam are examined and some important doubts in this field are answered. In addition, the Iranian legislator's view on the issue of violence is examined and finally, solutions to stopping of this phenomenon are presented. Also, in this research, it is emphasized that the speedy approval of laws that lead to the violation of women's rights is part of the emphasis of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The method of this research is descriptive. We have used qualitative content analysis. According to Imamy jurisprudence, all types of violence against women, especially from the husband, are forbidden. There are some doubts about this issue but all of them can be answered by using jurisprudential sources. In addition, there are cases in Islam that show Islam's serious opposition to violence against women. For example, Islam has condemned the ugly customs such as Waad, Ilaa, Zehar and Erth al-Nisaa, and Islam has forbidden to harm a believer. Also in Iranian law, there are two views in opposition with violence: 1. The common point of view is guidance with an emphasis on compromise, mediation and counseling; 2. The criminalization of domestic violence, which is reflected in the bill "preventing women's injuries and improving their security against misbehavior". Eventually husband's violence against wife is something that may be learned through the learning process in society. Therefore, cultural activities, education and training can be effective in preventing and reducing this phenomenon. Also, passing effective and efficient laws, such as criminalizing violence, supporting abused or homeless women, and passing the bill as soon as possible can greatly reduce the commission of this phenomenon in the society.
Political sciences
Zahra Zamani; Hasan Malaekeh; mansour haghighatian
Abstract
Comprehensive development has required increasing human capital and the maximum participation of different layers of society, especially women, who are about half of the population. To achieve this development model, we must know the process, nature, structure, and performance of the political-social ...
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Comprehensive development has required increasing human capital and the maximum participation of different layers of society, especially women, who are about half of the population. To achieve this development model, we must know the process, nature, structure, and performance of the political-social system and be aware of the conditions and situation of the global communication networks and intelligent management of development programs. Since digital media provides the necessary conditions for the active presence of women in both private and public realms, it is a suitable tool for gaining awareness, provided that people know the skills to use it. These skills are called media literacy which is the ability to understand, evaluate and use media. This study examines the relationship between media literacy and political awareness components of Tehran women. The questionnaire of this research to investigate political awareness includes these indicators: important political events and developments of today, political literature (political terms and concepts), familiarity with national and transnational political groups, organizations, and factions, their rules, principles, and goals, recognition of prominent personalities, opinionated, influential, or having significant political and administrative positions), political patterns (set of principles, concepts, ideologies, and overt or hidden political tendencies in policies and their implementation), and political analyzes. Moreover, to better achieve the objectives and independent variable of this research, the media literacy component, including digital competence, digital usage, and digital transfer, has been considered.The research method was the survey and documentary. The statistical population included all Tehran women over 20 years old. The sample community was selected from the urban community, regardless of women's economic and social status. The number of women in Tehran was 4369551, and the sample size was 384. Questionnaires were distributed by random cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS by the Correlation coefficient, standard regression model, t-test, variance analysis of variables, and demographic statistics (marital, age, education, employment). The websites, web portals, and social networks were samples of digital media in this study. The study of the relationship between media and political awareness in previous research is mainly based on measuring people's practical behaviors and participation. Internal research focuses on studying the dimensions of political awareness based on individual or social characteristics of different layers of society, and research in other countries focuses on the use of political awareness in the field of public services. This research aims to identify the relationship between media literacy and political awareness of Tehrani women to expand women's activities in the public and developmental sphere of the country. The main question is, what effects media literacy skills of Tehrani women have on increasing their political awareness? The results show a significant (direct) relationship between digital media literacy and political awareness of Tehran women, especially in their knowledge and understanding of political concepts, patterns, and political schools of the day. At the same time, increasing women's political awareness can facilitate their political interactions and, if participation continues, provide a platform for the information of numerous new discourses in society. The demographic findings of this research based on the level of education, age, marriage, and employment show that Tehrani women, despite being more present in the community compared to previous years, do not have the development of skills appropriate for communication and information technologies. Furthermore, having media literacy skills regardless of age, employment and marital status of Tehrani women has a positive effect on achieving their political awareness of the duties and functions of agents and officials of the political system.The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between the level of education of women and the acquisition of media literacy skills, so the higher the level of education of people, the greater their familiarity and mastery of media literacy skills. Of course, it should be noted that women’s mental beliefs about the existence of male socio-political structures, legal inequalities, and even providing for the family's livelihood needs and activities in businesses outside the public domain of society, reduce the sufficient opportunity for the necessary motivation for the development of these skills. Considering the direct relationship between media literacy and political awareness, it can be said that women's political awareness has not significantly increased compared to the time and advanced information tools. It appears that spreading education on media literacy as a means of preventing the occurrence of irrational behavior in digital media, and improvements in political-social interactions among women through the education system of the country, are among solutions that should be considered for implementation in Iran.
Women's Studies
Fariba Alasvand
Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization ...
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The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate., the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.
Javad masomi; Mohsen Azinjam
Abstract
Background: Environmental performance not only strengthens social legitimacy, but it also leads to a positive, competitive context, since it increases the productivity, and stimulates innovation in environmental performance it is highly important to adopt effective strategies to reduce the environmental ...
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Background: Environmental performance not only strengthens social legitimacy, but it also leads to a positive, competitive context, since it increases the productivity, and stimulates innovation in environmental performance it is highly important to adopt effective strategies to reduce the environmental consequences of industrial activities. Today, to protect the environment, the eventual goal is to achieve sustainable development in the form of economic programs harmonious with the principles of environmental protection and preventing the destruction and depletion of renewable and non-renewable resources. Environmental performance not only acts in the direction of strengthening social legitimacy, but it can also lead to a competitive force, because it increases productivity, stimulates innovation and attracts the organization for high potentiality in environmental performance. The existence of the educational programs on environmental assets can change the common mental assumptions about the importance of the environment, which subsequently changes the environmental culture. Researchers in this field showed that environmental education has a positive relationship with environmental culture. Management support for environmental projects is one of the most important factors in expanding and strengthening the environmental culture in any organization.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women in the board of directors on the environmental performance of companies.Methodology: In terms of the practical purpose and in terms of the type of study, the current research is a library field, using past information in a retrospective approach. In addition, it is a type of quasi-experimental research in the field of descriptive research. Based on the research method, correlation is that in this type of research, the relationship between variables is analyzed based on the purpose of the research. In this research, the required information was collected by an extensive study of research articles and research background in this field. To collect the required data, it was also used through viewing the financial statements and notes attached to the financial statements, other reports of companies and the stock exchange organization. To achieve this goal, the data of 160 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2016 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. The research method is logit regression and panel data.Findings: The Findings show that the women’s participation on the board of directors of companies has increased the environmental performance.Conclusion: This research indicates that the presence of women in the board of directors has a positive effect on the environmental performance of companies. Even in the European Commission, a plan has been presented to introduce a mandatory quota of women on company boards, based on the fact that companies with more female directors on the board are better managed than men on various issues (European Commission, b 2012). Akbari (2012) concluded in his research that women in most countries take more practical actions to protect the environment and optimal use of resources than men. The results of some studies display that the presence of women in the board of directors positively affects the environmental performance of companies. Women’s participation on the board can increase the company's ability to create and absorb various resources (such as; knowledge, communication, reputation, and information) to perform the responsibilities of managers on behalf of shareholders. The combination of skills resulting from gender diversity on the board leads to the creation of the necessary expertise to focus on consulting, legitimacy, and communication channels, in addition to the above, increases the company's attention to complex environmental issues and leads to improvements in the environmental performance of companies. Therefore, our research provides valuable direction for those firms working to improve both their boards’ gender diversity and their environmental performance. According to the obtained results, it is suggested that Tehran Stock Exchange Organization and the subject managers pay more attention to the environmental performance of the companies in the capital market and impose requirements to increase attention to the environmental issues of the companies admitted to the stock exchange. Also, due to the wide range of problems and dilemmas related to the environment, environmental education is necessary in the society. Therefore, more measures should be to complete and executive planning, to raise the public awareness and general environmental education for all sections of society, especially women.
