ازدواج زودهنگام دختران در شهرستان ابهر؛ واکاوی شرایط علی، زمینه‌ای و مداخله‌گر

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد جمعیت‌شناسی، گروه جمعیت‌شناسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه مطالعات خانواده، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه جمعیت‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

ازدواج زودهنگام دختران از پدیده‌هایی است که پیامدهای منفی متعدد فردی و اجتماعی دارد. این پژوهش با هدف واکاوی شرایط علی، زمینه‌ای و مداخله‌گر ازدواج زودهنگام دختران 13 تا 15 سالۀ ازدواج‌کردۀ شهرستان ابهر با استفاده از روش تحقیق کیفی و روش نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد انجام شد. مشارکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش، 29 دختر در بازۀ سنی مذکور بودند که به‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته گردآوری شد. در شرایط علی، مقوله‌های تجربۀ نبود حامی عاطفی، دافعۀ محیط خانه و تغییر ماهیت نیازها از مادی به جستجوی پیوند عاطفی و در شرایط زمینه‌ای مقوله‌های وراثت اجتماعی، زیست‌جهان خویشاوندی و فشار هنجاری همسالان استخراج شد. تحلیل مصاحبه‌ها نشان داد مقوله‌هایی از جمله نقش شبکۀ اجتماعی، حمایت‌های مشروط، فشارهای تطبیقی و نابرابری ساختاری قدرت، مداخله‌گرهای ازدواج زودهنگام هستند. هستۀ مرکزی استخراج‌شده از مصاحبه‌ها «در جستجوی پناهگاه عاطفی» است. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که دلایل عاطفی نقش اصلی را در بروز این پدیده ایفا می‌کنند. یافتۀ اصلی دیگر نشان می‌دهد شبکه‌های اجتماعی به‌عنوان بستری تسهیل‌گر در شکل‌گیری روابط با جنس مخالف، نقش بسزایی در ازدواج زودهنگام دختران ایفا کرده‌اند. توانمندسازی والدین در زمینۀ تأمین نیازهای عاطفی نوجوانان، افزایش سواد عاطفی و رسانه‌ای دختران نوجوان و تقویت نقش مدارس و مشاوران به‌عنوان نهادهای مداخله‌گر و پیشگیرانه، برای کاهش ازدواج زودهنگام دختران پیشنهاد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Early Marriage of Girls in Abhar County, Iran: Exploring Causal, Contextual, and Intervening Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Vahid Amirloo 1
  • Hajeh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad 2
  • Fatemeh Tanhaa 3
1 Master of Demography, Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associated professor, Department of Family Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

One of the phenomena that has a multitude of negative individual and social repercussions is the early marriage of females. The objective of this study was to examine the causal, contextual, and intervening conditions of early marriage among married females aged 13-15 in Abhar County using qualitative research methods and grounded theory. The research included 29 girls who were intentionally chosen from the aforementioned age group. Semi-structured interviews were implemented to accumulate data. In the causal conditions, the categories of experiencing a lack of emotional support, rejection of the home environment, and changing the nature of needs from material to seeking emotional bonds were extracted, and in the contextual conditions, the categories of social inheritance, kinship life world, and normative peer pressure were extracted. Interview analysis revealed that early marriage is influenced by intervening factors, including the role of the social network, conditional supports, adaptive pressures, and structural inequality of power. The central core extracted from the interviews is “in search of emotional shelter.” The findings indicate that this phenomenon is significantly influenced by emotional factors. Another significant discovery indicates that social networks have significantly contributed to the early marriage of females by serving as a platform that facilitates the establishment of relationships with individuals of the opposite gender. It is recommended that the role of schools and counselors be strengthened as interventionist and preventive institutions, the emotional and media literacy of adolescent girls be increased, and parents be empowered to meet the emotional requirements of adolescents. This will help reduce the early marriage of girls.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Early Marriage
  • Girls
  • Grounded Theory
  • Pupils
  • Qualitative Research
Ahmadi, K. (2021). Resonance of Silence: a Comprehensive Research on Early Marriage of Children in Iran, Journal of Applied Fmily Therapy, 2(2), 508-527. (In Persian)
 
 
Alibazi, H., Zarei, E., & Mohammadi, K. (2023). Women’s Lived Experience of the Consequences of Child Marriage; A Qualitative Phenomenological Study. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 12(2), 147-176.       https://doi.org/10.22034/fcp.2023.62736 (In Persian)
Ashayeri, T., Jahanparvar, T., & Ashtari Mehrjerdi, A. (2024). Determinants and consequences of early marriage: a meta-synthesis of research. Iranian Demographic Association Letters, 19(37), 133-178. (In Persian)
Boender, C. (2018). Child, early, and forced marriage: CARE's global experience. CARE: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Stanford University Press.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
Chandra-Mouli, V., Greifinger, R., Nwosu, A., Hainsworth, G., Sundaram, L., Hadi, S.,... & Schoening, E. (2013). Invest in adolescents and young people: It pays. Reproductive Health, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-10-51
Dessie, A. M., Anley, D. T., Zemene, M. A., Gebeyehu, N. A., Adella, G. A., Kassie, G. A., ... & Geremew, H. (2023). Trend, determinants, and future prospect of child marriage in the Amhara region, Ethiopia: A multivariate decomposition analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132148
Efevbera, Y., Bhabha, J., Farmer, P. E., & Fink, G. (2019). Girl child marriage, health, and well-being in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional, observational study. BMC Public Health, 19(1).        https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1279-8
Field, E., & Ambrus, A. (2008). Early marriage, age of menarche, and female schooling in Bangladesh. Journal of Political Economy, 116(5), 881-930. https://doi.org/10.1086/593333
Finlay, J. E., Ozaltin, E., & Canning, D. (2011). The association of maternal age with infant mortality, child anthropometric failure, diarrhoea and anaemia for first births. BMJ Open, 1(2), e000226. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000226
Ghasemi, Gh., & Dadjoo, F. (2019). Pathology of the phenomenon of child marriage in Iran [Conference proceedings]. Seventh National Conference of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran. (In Persian)
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Harvard University Press.   https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674970960
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Goody, J. (1976). Production and reproduction: A comparative study of the domestic domain. Cambridge University Press.
Hartmann, H. (2010). The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: Towards a more progressive union. Capital & Class, 5(2), 1-33.        https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117457_14
Hemmati, M., Ganjizadeh, K., & Kandahari, M. (2023). Sociological analysis of the role of poverty in the experience of child marriage. Psychology and Educational Sciences in the Third Millennium, 26, 90-101.        https://www.pejournal.ir/files/cd_papers/r_1_230711230522.pdf (In Persian)
Hosseinifar, M., & Akbari, Z. (2019). Investigating the social consequences of early marriage on the process of girls’ education (Case study: Esfarvorin city). Research in Social Studies Education, 1(2), 1-24. (In Persian)
Imanzadeh, A., Mohammadzadeh, S., & Alipour, S. (2016). Lived experiences of female graduate students at Tabriz University regarding late marriage (A phenomenological study). Women in Culture and Art, 9(4), 541-560.    https://doi.org/10.22059/jwica.2017.233986.877 (In Persian)
Jain, G., Bisen, V., Singh, S. K., & Jain, P. (2011). Early marriage of girls as a barrier to their education. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, 2(3), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.33422/JARSS.2018.04.24
Javadian, S., Shomali Ahmadabadi, E., Torkashvand Moradabadi, M, & Abedi, M. R. (2019). Background and consequences of early marriage of girls aged 13 to 16 (Ardakan County, Yazd). Iranian Social Studies, 13(4), 31-54. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3180-fa.html (In Persian)
Jones, N., Tefera, B., Stephenson, J., Gupta, T., Pereznieto, P., Emire, G. & Gezhegne, K. (2014). Early marriage and education: The complex role of social norms in shaping Ethiopian adolescent girls' lives. Country Report, 1-103. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfe-6-6-4
 
Kok, M. C., Kakal, T., Kassegne, A. B., Hidayana, I. M., Munthali, A., Menon, J. A. & van der Kwaak, A. (2023). Drivers of child marriage in specific settings of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia: Findings from the yes I Do! baseline study. BMC Public Health, 23(1), Article 794. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15697-6
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE Publications.
MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
Mahdavifard, F., Ghodrati, H., & Bagherinia, H. (2021). Study of socio-economic and cultural factors related to the age of marriage of women with emphasis on early marriage in the two villages of Roshnavand and Gisur [Conference proceedings]. First National Conference on Social and Cultural Issues and Challenges of the Iranian Muslim Family, Birjand. (In Persian)
Matouschek, N., & Rasul, I. (2008). The economics of the marriage contract: Theories and evidence. The Journal of Law and Economics, 5(1), 59-110. https://doi.org/10.1086/588596
Mehra, S., & Agrawal, D. (2004). Adolescent health determinants for pregnancy and child health outcomes among the urban poor. Indian Pediatrics, 41(2), 137-145. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15004299
Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. Free Press.
Montazeri, S., Gharacheh, M., Mohammadi, N., Alaghband Rad, J., & Eftekhar Ardabili, H. (2016). Determinants of early marriage from married girls' perspectives in Iranian setting: A qualitative study. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2016, Article 8615929.     https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8615929
National Civil Registration Organization. (2019). Statistical Yearbook of National Civil Registration 2019. (In Persian)
Nurani, F., Mardiyono, M., Supriyono, B., & Wijaya, A. F. (2020). Social capital analysis of the engagement culture towards reducing IMRs and MMRs. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 14(1), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v14i1.8
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Routledge & Kegan Paul. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203992951
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th Ed.). SAGE Publications.
Pourtaheri, A., Mahdizadeh, M. S., Tehrani, H., Jamali, J., & Peyman, N. (2023). Prevalence and factors associated with child marriage, a systematic review. BMC Women’s Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02634-3
Prakash, R., Singh, A., Pathak, P. K., & Parasuraman, S. (2011). Early marriage, poor reproductive health status of mother and child well-being in India. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health, 37(3), 136-145.          https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0080
Raj, A. (2010). When the mother is a child: The impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 95(11), 931-935. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.178707
Razeghi Nasrabad, H. B. (2021). The Status of Cultural and Social Dimensions of the Family in Iran. The Center for Cultural Observation of the Country. (In Persian)
Ruhani, A., Askari-Nodoushan, A., & Ghoroghchian, Z. (2019). The Interaction of Early Marriage Internalization and Resistance against It: The Case of Second Generation Afghan Migrant Women in Yazd, Iran, Iranian Population Studies, 5(1), 177-216.    https://jips.nipr.ac.ir/article_108235.html?lang=en (In Persian)
Salahshoor, E., & Habibpour Getabi, K. (2021). Sociological Analysis of the Role of Poverty in the Child Marriage Experience (Case: Women in the City of Chabahar). Research of Deviance and Social Problems, 2(1), 31-75. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.3060821.1400.1.2.5.0 (In Persian)
Shamsipour Abbasi, J., Kord Zanganeh, J., & Sharifi, M. (2021). A qualitative study of the contexts of early marriage for women in Ahvaz city. Social Development, 16(2), 1-30. http://scdsjournal.ir/article-1-1579-fa.html (In Persian)
Shukla, S., Ezebuihe, J. A., & Steinert, J. I. (2023). Association between public health emergencies and sexual and reproductive health, gender-based violence, and early marriage among adolescent girls: A rapid review. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15054-7
Statistical Center of Iran. (1966-2016). General Population and Housing Censuses. (In Persian)
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Teimouri Arshad, R., Rezaei, A., & Sadeghi, R. (2022). Prevalence of Early Marriage of Girls and its Determinant Factors in Iranian Counties in 2016, Family Research, 18(4), 599-621. https://doi.org/10.48308/JFR.18.4.599 (In Persian)
Torabi, F. (2023). Macro-level correlates of early marriage in Asia. Journal of Family Issues, 44(8), 2004-2028.   https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X231157392
UNICEF. (2007). Progress for children: A world fit for children statistical review.
UNICEF. (2017). Is every child counted? Status of data for children in the SDGs. https://data.unicef.org/resources/every-child-counted-status-data-children-sdgs/
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2006). In ending child marriage, a guide for global policy action. https://www.unfpa.org/publications/ending-child-marriage-guide-global-policy-action
World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Early marriages, adolescent and young pregnancies.          https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB130/B130_12-en.pdf
Zarei Mahmoudabadi, H., & Zarei, F. (2021). Causes and consequences of early marriage and the occurrence of child marriage among female students in Yazd province (student divorce): A data-based study. Tolooe behdasht, 20(3), 12-27. http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-3180-fa.html (In Persian)