زن، شریعت و تجدد: تحلیل انتقادی مضامین جنسیتی در آثار نمایشی و مکتوبات آخوندزاده

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه فقه و حقوق، پژوهشکده زن و خانواده، قم، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری مطالعات زنان، دانشکده مطالعات اجتماعی دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران.

چکیده

میرزا فتحعلی آخوندزاده از معدود روشنفکران آغازین عصر قاجار بود که به تأثیر نظم سنتی جنسیت بر بازتولید جامعۀ سنتی ایران پی برد. با وجود بررسی‌های متعدد، پژوهش‌های پیشین غالباً از تحلیل انتقادی رابطۀ این آرا با پروژۀ کلان دین‌ستیزانۀ او غفلت کرده‌اند. این پژوهش درصدد پاسخ به این پرسش اساسی است که مضامین ظاهراً پیشرو دربارۀ زن در آثار آخوندزاده، چگونه در دل یک گفتمان سکولار افراطی صورت‌بندی شده و چه پیوندی با کلان‌پروژۀ دین‌زدایی او دارد. این مقاله با هدف تبیین این ارتباط گفتمانی و با بهره‌گیری از چارچوب نظری «تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی فمینیستی» و «فمینیسم پسااستعماری» در یک طرح روش‌شناختی دومرحله‌ای، مضامین جنسیتی را در نمایشنامه‌ها، مکتوبات کمال‌الدوله و مقالات فلسفی بررسی می‌کند. یافته‌های مرحلۀ اول (توصیفی) نشان می‌دهد ۲۰ مضمون پایه ذیل پنج مضمون سازمان‌دهنده (شامل حجاب به‌مثابۀ سلب آزادی، تک‌همسری، برابری جنسیتی، خودبنیادی زنان و بازشناسی منزلت آنان) قابل‌استخراج است که در ظاهر همسو با گفتمان مدرنیتۀ غربی به‌نظر می‌رسد. اما تحلیل مرحلۀ دوم (انتقادی) آشکار می‌کند که این مضامین درواقع یک مضمون فراگیر واحد، یعنی «بازسازی ابزاری زن به‌مثابۀ ابژۀ مدرنیته» را برمی‌سازد که تماماً در خدمت پروژۀ رادیکال «نسخ کامل شریعت» عمل می‌کند. مقاله نتیجه می‌گیرد که رویکرد آخوندزاده، اگرچه در نقد سنت‌های تبعیض‌آمیز مؤثر بود، اما به‌دلیل اتکای انحصاری به گفتمان روشنگری غربی، حامل نوعی ایدئولوژی افراطی بود که با ظرفیت‌های بومی و دینی جامعۀ ایران پیوند معرفتی نداشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Woman, Sharia, and Modernity: A Critical Analysis of Gendered Themes in Akhundzadeh’s Dramatic Works and Writings

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Mohajer Milani 1
  • Ali Bideli 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Law, Women and Family Research Institute, Qom, Iran.
2 PhD Student in Women's Studies, Faculty of Social Studies, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran.
چکیده [English]

One of the few early Qajar intellectuals who acknowledged the of the traditional gender order on the perpetuation of Iran’s traditional society was Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh. Previous research has frequently overlooked a critical examination of the relationship between these views and his overarching anti-religious macro-project, despite the availability of numerous studies. The objective of this investigation is to investigate the fundamental inquiry: how are the ostensibly progressive themes concerning women in Akhundzadeh’s works formulated within a radical secular discourse, and how do they relate to his project of de-religionization? This article employs the theoretical frameworks of “Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis” and “Postcolonial Feminism” within a two-stage methodological design to examine gender themes in his plays, Maktubat-e Kamal al-Dawla, and philosophical essays in order to elucidate this discursive connection.
The findings of the first stage (descriptive) that 20 fundamental themes can be distilled into five organizing themes, which include the deprivation of liberty, monogamy, gender equality, female autonomy, and the recognition of their status, as well as hijab. These themes superficially appear to be in accordance with the discourse of Western modernity. Nevertheless, the second-stage (critical) analysis reveals that these themes actually construct a single overarching theme: the “instrumental reconstruction of woman as an object of modernity,” which is wholly in service of the radical project of the “complete abrogation of Sharia.” The article concludes that Akhundzadeh’s approach was effective in criticizing discriminatory traditions; however, its exclusive reliance on Western Enlightenment discourse rendered it a radical ideology that lacked an epistemological connection to the indigenous and religious capacities of Iranian society.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Akhundzadeh
  • Discourse of Modernity
  • Gender Themes
  • Qajar
  • Sharia
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