زن در توسعه و سیاست

زن در توسعه و سیاست

نقش زنان در سیاست‌گذاری و تصمیم‌گیری در پارلمان‌های ملی و منطقه‌ای اروپا

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان
ماریا فرح زاده 1
علی علی حسینی 2
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی شهرضا، شهرضا، ایران.
2 دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.
10.22059/jwdp.2023.349998.1008264
چکیده
در جهان مدرن امروز، یکی از مهم‌ترین پیش‌شرط‌های توسعه و ثبات کشورها، استفادۀ بهینه از همۀ ظرفیت‌های نیروی انسانی، به‌ویژه درک موضوعیت نقش زنان در امور اجتماعی و سیاسی است. اگرچه مشارکت و رهبری برابر زنان در زندگی سیاسی و عمومی برای دستیابی به اهداف توسعۀ پایدار در جهان ضروری است، بااین‌حال، شواهد حاکی از آن است که زنان در تمام سطوح تصمیم‌گیری در سراسر جهان کمتر حضور دارند و دستیابی به برابری جنسیتی در زندگی سیاسی و اجتماعی را همچنان دور از دسترس می‌بینند. در این میان، اروپا تنها منطقه در عصر کنونی است که ظرف دو دهۀ گذشته و در پرتو سیاست‌گذاری‌های نسبتاً مناسب در حوزۀ زنان، از این فرصت نسبی برخوردار شده است تا ضمن تلاش برای افزایش مشارکت سیاسی زنان در سطوح ملی و منطقه‌ای، از شایستگی و اعتبار زن در مراتب عالی سیاسی، تقنینی و قضایی دفاع کند. نظر به این مهم، مقالۀ حاضر با کاربست نظریۀ فمینیسم و بهره‌مندی از مدل سیاست‌گذاری جونز در پاسخ به سؤال پژوهش به این نتیجه رسید که حضور زنان در مناصب سیاسی ریاست جمهوری، نخست‌وزیری و پست‌های وزارتی، در کنار تصویب قوانینی همچون قانون سقط‌جنین، همیاری خانواده و حمایت از کودکان، مرخصی زنان و مراقبت از کودکان، بهداشت و درمان و بودجۀ رفاه اجتماعی، از جمله عوامل تعیین‌کننده و اقدام‌های مؤثر تقنینی بوده است که به‌تدریج، بستر مناسب برای تثبیت جایگاه زنان در پذیرش مسئولیت‌های بالای سیاسی و پارلمانی را فراهم آورده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
اروپا
پارلمان ملی
پارلمان منطقه‌ای
زنان
سیاست‌گذاری و تصمیم‌گیری
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments

نویسندگان English

Maria Farhzadeh 1
Ali Alihoseni 2
1 PHD in student, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Political Science, Shahreza Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده English

In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women in political and public life is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development in the world; However, the available evidence and data indicate that women are underrepresented at all levels of decision-making around the world, and the achievement of gender equality in political and social life is still out of reach. In the meantime, Europe is the only region in the current era that, within the last two decades and in the light of relatively appropriate policies in the field of women, have had this relative opportunity to increase their political participation at the national and regional levels, while trying to increase their competence and credibility. Defend at the highest political, legislative and judicial levels. The present article, by applying the theory of feminism and benefiting from Jones' policy model, tries to answer the central question that the experience of women's presence in the field of policy and decision-making in the European continent, especially in the parliamentary field, refers to what issues and considerations and its output. What dimensions and consequences did it include? The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments. And the research method is qualitative and using library documents and resources.The research findings show that the discussion of gender equality as one of the main indicators of feminism in the European Union has found its real place and women have taken steps on an equal footing with men in political and economic decision-making. In Europe, in the last decade, many women have taken the most important positions of power. This shows that Europe is moving faster in gender equality in the political field. Europe has been pursuing gender equality in a targeted way for years. Therefore, in the field of politics, by paving the way for women, they tried to make the voice of half of the society heard. By assuming executive and legislative positions, women have found an opportunity to show their political expertise and competencies. Women politicians who may have gender biases support policies and policies that remove formal and informal obstacles from their path in order to involve and participate more women and play a role model for the future generation of women provides. The presence of women in the political positions of the presidency, prime minister and ministerial positions, along with the approval of laws such as the abortion law, family support and child protection, women's leave and child care, health and treatment, policies related to workers' compensation and social welfare budget.; Among the determining factors and effective legislative measures, which gradually provided a suitable platform to stabilize the position of women in accepting high political and parliamentary responsibilities.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

women
policy and decision-making
national parliament
regional parliament
Europe
Abbott, P., & Wallace, C. (2015). Feminist knowledge production; sociology of women. Translated by: M. Najm-Iraqi. Tehran: Ney Publishing. (In Persian)
Asiedu, E., Branstette, C., Gaekwad-Babulal, N., & Malokele, N. (2018). The effect of women’s representation in parliament and the passing of gender sensitive policies. In ASSA Annual Meeting (Philadelphia, 5-7 January). https://www.aeaweb.org/conference
Bagues, M., & Campa, P. (2021). Can gender quotas in candidate lists empower women? Evidence from a regression discontinuity design. Journal of Public Economics, 194, 104315. https://docs.iza.org/dp10888
Barreto, M. A., Segura, G. M., & Woods, N. D. (2004). The mobilizing effect of majority–minority districts on Latino turnout. American Political Science Review, 98(1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055404001005
Beaman, L., Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2009). Powerful women: does exposure reduce bias?. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4), 1497-1540. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506265
Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2012). Female leadership raises aspirations and educational attainment for girls: A policy experiment in India. Science, 335(6068), 582-586.           https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1212382
Bhalotra, S., & Figueras C. I. (2014). Health and the political agency of women, American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(2), 164–197.       https://www.jstor.org/stable/43189382
 Bhalotra, S., Clarke, D., Gomes, J., & Venkataramani, A. (2020). Maternal mortality and women’s political participation. medRxiv, 19000570. https://doi.org/10.1101/19000570
Bhalotra, S., Irma C-F., & Lakshmi, I. (2013). Path Breakers:How Does Women’s Political Participation Respond to Electoral Success? Working Paper, Harvard Business School.
Bhavnani, R. R. (2009). Do Electoral Quotas Work after They Are Withdrawn? Evidence from a Natural-Experiment in India. American Political Science Review, 103(1), 23-35.
Clots-Figueras, I. (2011). Women in politics: Evidence from the Indian States. Journal of public Economics, 95(7-8), 664-690.          https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.017
Clots-Figueras, I. (2012). Are female leaders good for education? Evidence from India. American economic journal: applied economics, 4(1), 212-244. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41419430
Dasgupta, N., & Asgari, S. (2004). Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping. Journal of experimental social psychology, 40(5), 642-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.02.003
EIGE (2019). Gender Equality Glossary and Thesaurus. Retrieved from: https://eige.europa.eu/rdc/thesaurus/terms/1311
European Institute for Gender Equality (2019). Gender Statistics Database. Women and Men in Decision-Making: eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs/browse/wmidm/wmidm_pol. Consulted from 20 June to 23 July 2019. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs/browse/wmidm
Fitzsimon, T. (2022). New IPU report: more women in parliament and more countries with gender parity. https://www.ipu.org/news/press-releases/2022-03/new
Fortin-Rittberger, J., & Rittberger, B. (2015). Why the European Parliament has a better gender balance than national parliaments. LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog.
Hamilton, K., Jenkins, L., Hodgson, F., & Turner, J. (2005). Promoting gender equality in transport (Vol. 34). Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.
Hande Slan, Z. (2017). What is the nature of the European Union in terms of women's human rights? Two Human Rights Quarterly, 14(1), 221-238. (In Persian)
Haraldsson, A., & Wangnerud, L. (2019). The effect of media sexism on women's political ambition: evidence from a worldwide study. Feminist Media Studies, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1468797
Hicks, D. L., Hicks J. H., & Malaldon. B. (2016), Women as policy makers and donors: Female legislators and foreign aid. European Journal of Political Economy, 41, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.10.007
Hopkins, H., & Getty, I. (2020). Women in parliament: 1995-2020-25 years in review. Inter parliamentary Union. https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2020-03
Hornset, N., & de Soysa, I. (2022). Does Empowering Women in Politics Boost Human Development? An Empirical Analysis, 1960–2018. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 23(2), 291-318.      https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2021.1953450
Horst, C., Sabrine, D., Geertsen, P., Rahman, S., & Tucke, M. (2022). More Representation but Not Influence: Women in the European Parliamen, GMF. The German marshall fund of the states strengthening transatlantic cppperation. January 31. 2022. https://www.gmfus.org/news/more-representation-not-influence-women-european-parliament
Horst, C., Sabrine, D., Pelle, G., Sarah, R., & Mekayla, T. (2022). More Representation But Not Influence: Women in the European Parliamen, GMF, The German marshall fund of the states strengthening transatlantic cppperation, January 31, 2022. https://www.gmfus.org/news/more-representation-not-influence-women-european-parliament
Hossain, M., Asadullah, M., & Niaz Kambhampati, U. (2019). Empowerment and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 122, 170–183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) (2020). Women in parliament: 1995–2020, https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2020-03/women-in-parliament-1995-2020-25-years-in-review
Kathleen, D. (2006). Women Candidates in American Politics: What We Know, What We Want To Know. Paper Presented at the 2006 Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228715770
Keshavarz, F. (2019). Feminism's understanding of the concept of equality with the approach of international human rights documents. Scientific Quarterly of International Police Studies, 11(42). (In Persian)
Ketabi, M., Yazdakhasi, B., & Farrokhi Rastabi, Z. (2012). Empowering women to participate in development. Women's Research Quarterly, 3(7), 5-30. (In Persian)
Khosravi, M. A., Deshiar, H., & Abtahi Safi, N. (2011). How to empower women in the field of political decision-making in the structure of national and international decision-making. International Relations Studies Quarterly, 5(20), 99-132. (In Persian)
Lippmann, Q. (2022). Gender and lawmaking in times of quotas. Journal of Public Economics, 207, 104610. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3330617
Lott, J. R. L., & Kenny, W. (1999). Did women’s suffrage change the size and scope of government?. Journal of Political Economy, 107(6), 1163–1198. https://doi.org/10.1086/250093
Malekmohammadi, H. (2015). Basics and Principles of Public Policy Making. Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
Mcglen, N., & Sarkees, M. R. (1993). Women in Foreign Policy. New York, London: Routledg (Book).
Millaray, L., & Rubio, M. (2021). The role of parliaments in advancing gender equality, https://www.idea.int/news-media/news/role-parliaments-advancing-gender-equality
Nagarajan, H. K., Deininger, K., & Jin, S. (2013). Can political reservations affect political equilibria in the long-term? Evidence from local elections in rural India. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2013, No. 59.        https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/48332/1/59
Nasri, Q. (2015). Political thought of feminism. Women's Strategic Studies Quarterly, 9(33). (In Persian)
Paknia, M. (2013). Feminism and politics. Women's Studies Quarterly, 2(4), 41-63. (In Persian)
Palumbo, D. (2003). Models of Policy-Making. Encyclopedia of Government and Politics (Vol. 2). London: Routledge (Book).
Profeta, P. (2017). Gender Equality in Decision-Making Positions: The Efficiency Gains, Inefficient Inequality: The Economic Costs of Gender Inequality in Europe, 52(1), 34–37.        https://doi.org/10.1007/10272.01776404
Sarah, C., & Mona, L. K. (2008). Critical mass theory and women’s political representation. Political studies, 56(3), 725-736.          https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x
Towheidfam, M., & Isa Vand, L. (2009). Feminism and democracy in the course of history. International Relations Studies Quarterly, 3(12), 25-56. (In Persian)
Vahid, M. (2005). Public Policy. Tehran: Mizan Publication. (In Persian)
Wolbrecht, C., & Campbell, D. E. (2007). Leading by example: Female members of parliament as political role models. American Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 921–939.       https://www.doi.jstor.org/stable/4620108
Zarei, M. (2015). A critical review of liberal-radical and Marxist-socialist feminism with a naturalist model in women's studies. Iranian Islamic Progress Model Quarterly, 4(7) 59-35. (In Persian)
زن در توسعه و سیاست
دوره 21، شماره 3
پاییز 1402
صفحه 661-691