نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ابوالحسن امین مقدسی ¹
• علی افضلی ²
• نرگس بیگدلی ³

¹ استاد تمام گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه تهران

² دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه تهران

³ کارشناسی ارشد زبان و ادبیات عربی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

کوشش‌های فکری زنان در کمتر از دویست سال گذشته چشم‌اندازهای تازه‌ای به روی دانش بشر گشوده و پرسش‌های مهم بسیار به میان آورده است. اما تنوع و تضارب شگفت‌آورِ اندیشه‌ها خود به سدی در برابر درک چند و چون آن‌ها بدل شده است. نقد زن‌سالارانه (فمینیستی)، نقش زنان را در دو محور خالق اثر (زن در مقام نویسنده) و شخصیت خلق شده (چهره ارایه شده از زن در آثار نویسندگان)، بررسی می‌کند. رمان الطواف حیث الجمر اولین رمان زنانه در عمان به‌شمار می‌رود و قهرمان داستانش در زندگی به نوعی قربانی مردان (نظام مردسالاری سنت‏ها و تعصبات) است. این رمان مدرنیستی به‌شیوه ساختارشکنانه درپی ایجاد تردید در تقابل‌ دوگانه مرد/ زن است. ازاین‌جهت، شخصیت‌ زن داستان موقعیت و هویت زنانه خویش را محصول روابط اجتماعی تحمیلی مردسالار می‌دانند که مردان و اقتدار مردانه برایش آفریده است. در این پژوهش سه محور تقلید، اعتراض و خودیابیِ شخصیت اصلی رمان بر اساس روش توصیفی تحلیلی بررسی شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مؤلفه‌هایی همچون اعتراض، خود بیانگری، خشونت، سرکوب غریزه زنانه، تابوشکنی در این رمان بیشترین سهم را دارند و آن را جزء آثار فمینیستی قرار می‌دهند هرچند که رگه‌هایی از ویژگی‌های خودآگاهی نیز در این رمان به چشم می‌خورد اما نویسنده با انتخاب انزوای قهرمان، او را از رسیدن به مرحلۀ چرخش به درون و خودیابی برای یافتن هویت فردی و به دور از هرگونه تقلید و اعتراض، محروم ساخته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• نقد فمینیستی
• هویت زنانه
• بدریه الشحّی
• رمان الطواف حیث الجمر

موضوعات

• مطالعات زنان

عنوان مقاله [English]

conflict between tradition and feminism in Oman (Case study: Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar)

نویسندگان [English]

• Abolhasan Amin Moghaddasi ¹
• Ali Afzali ²
• narges bigdeli ³

¹ Professor, department OF Arabic Language and Literature, University of Tehran

² Associated professor, Department of Arabic literature and language, university of Tehran

³ M.A. of Arabic language and literature, university of Tehran

چکیده [English]

Introduction:

The starting point of female criticism coincides with liberation from the linear stereotypes of men's literary history. Feminist literary criticism does not mean to eliminate the differences in the way of writing between women and men, and in this type of criticism, gender differences do not become meaningless, but the purpose of this criticism is to understand women's writing in order to reach a broader perspective of women's reality. In the 19th century, novel writing was considered a purely masculine practice, and mentioning a female novelist caused suspicion, shame, surprise, and misogyny towards the author. The intellectual endeavors of women in less than two hundred years, has opened up new perspectives on human knowledge and raised many important questions. But the astonishing variety and conflict of ideas themselves has become a barrier to understanding how and why they are. Feminist critique examines the role of women in the two axes of the creator of the work (the woman as the writer) and the created personality (the face presented by the woman in the works of the authors). The experience of writing a novel is considered one of the modern literary experiences in the Sultanate of Oman, and its history does not exceed a few decades. The Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar is considered the first women's novel in Oman and its protagonist in life is a kind of victim of patriarchy. The first appearance of women in the field of Omani novel writing took place in 1999 with the novel Al-Tawaf Hayat al-Jamar by Badria Al-Shihhi.

Methodology:

In this study, the authors try to use the feminist approach and descriptive analytical method to examine the characters of the story and put their actions according to the characteristics of each of the stages of imitation, protest and self-discovery in the classification of feminist criticism and the evolution Identify and analyze them in each of these stages and seek to find answers to these questions: What are the most obvious feminist components in Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar’s novel?

Results:

Omani novelist Badria Al Shهhhi, in her novel “Al-Tawaf Hayat al-Jamar,” shed light on an important historical stage in the history of her country, which was characterized by the Omani presence in Zanzibar, Africa, and how rebellious movements were raging in several hotspots there, warning of the occurrence of disasters that would cause historical tragedies. In parallel, it monitors a number of social, commercial and economic transformations that interacted and exploded in ways that were not devoid of cruelty and brutality through its characters, which are decorated with contradictions and contradictions. It does not philosophize much in trying to understand the changes that are sweeping it, but rather goes with the waves as if it were part of the movement of the scene with its confusions, strangeness and madness. Badria Al-Shihhi is the first Omani female novelist, and ironically, her first novel is also a feminist novel that, after forty years of silence, steps into the field of literature not to imitate men, but to shout and protest. Widowed at a young age, Zahra finds herself being forced into a hasty marriage to her cousin. Having been conditioned by her family and society to perennially obey society’s diktats, taking destiny into her own hands seems nigh impossible. Her radical decision to do so takes her on the journey of discovery from an Omani village perched atop a mountain to the East African coast. But of more importance than her physical journey through space is her internal one: of how far Zahra has to go to be free from the shackles of discrimination to finally find her place in the world, and what that search for independence holds for her. The findings of the research show that components such as protest, self-expression, violence, suppression of female instinct, taboo breaking have the most contribution in this novel and make it a part of feminist works. Although traces of self-awareness can be seen in this novel, by choosing to isolate the hero, the author has deprived him of reaching the stage of turning inward and self-discovery to find an individual identity and away from any imitation and protest.

Conclusion:

Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar presents a model of a woman's efforts to liberate herself and not accept outdated patriarchal traditions. The revolution of this woman against the patriarchal society was parallel to the revolution of the African people against the Arabs who invaded their country and took over their lives and property. The author depicts the hardships that this woman endured on the way to achieving her dreams, as well as the financial and life losses that the African people suffered to realize their freedom; It seeks to prove that no freedom comes without a cost. The name he chose for this novel also indicates its content, because tawaf means an endless cycle and sequence that shows the continuation of this struggle. This novel was written in protest against male writing standards and the presentation of a stereotypical image of women, and it prioritized the defense of women's rights and women's idealism. Badria al-Shihhi shows the emergence of self-hiding in a woman named Zohra after enduring the sufferings that have been imposed on her for three decades in her life; shows. A woman whose whole life is described as endless service. Now looking for a range to be heard and seen and discovered; becomes Badria al-Shihhi has used this character as a model for a better and ideal being. In this novel, there is only one woman who is on a ship as a small community and on a path whose limits and end are unclear and all the passengers are men; is in motion The plurality of men in the novel shows the majority of their determining presence in the real society and the fact that there is only one woman among them has a directional and appropriate link with the reality of women being in the minority and describes the society's inferior view of women. Badria al-Shihhi did not accept the silence and description compatible with the environment and used literature as a means to depict the oppression and oppression of women. He leads his protagonist towards self-awareness, but at the end of the novel, by dragging him into isolation and transsexuality, he has deprived him of reaching the stage of turning inward and self-discovery to find an individual identity and away from any imitation and protest.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Feminist Criticism
• Feminine identity
• Badria Al-Shihhi
• Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar