نقش آزادی‌های سیاسی در نابرابری‌های جنسیتی: مشاهدات جهانی

حاج امینی, مهدی; زارع, آمنه; دهقانی, ابوالفضل; نیکوقدم, مسعود

doi:10.22059/jwdp.2024.376579.1008449

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ دانشیار، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران.

² کارشناس ارشد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران.

³ دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران

⁴ استادیار گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بجنورد، بجنورد، ایران.

10.22059/jwdp.2024.376579.1008449

چکیده

در دنیای کنونی، موقعیت‌های اجتماعی-اقتصادی زنان و مردان متحول شده است، اما کماکان رگه‌هایی از ایدئولوژی‌های مردانه به‌ویژه در کشورهای توسعه‌نیافته و درحال‌توسعه مشاهده می‌شود. گروهی معتقدند بقای این نابرابری فرصت‌ها به‌لحاظ تاریخی و نهادی، به نقش دولت‌ها به‌عنوان سپری که از منافع مردان پاسداری می‌کرده مربوط می‌شود. به همین دلیل، پژوهش حاضر با دو روش تجزیۀ واریانس و جنگل تصادفی و به‌کارگیری بیش از 2500 مشاهده (94 کشور طی دورۀ زمانی 1970-2020) به بررسی نقش ساختار سیاسی و قدرت در نابرابری‌های جنسیتی می‌پردازد. بدین‌منظور از شاخص‌های حقوق سیاسی و آزادی‌های مدنی و همچنین ابعاد شش‌گانۀ فرهنگی هافستد استفاده شده است. براساس نتایج تجزیۀ واریانس، دو بعد ساختار سیاسی دموکراتیک (حقوق سیاسی و آزادی‌های مدنی) در توضیح تفاوت میان توسعۀ جنسیتی و نابرابری جنسیتی کشورها نقش معنی‌داری داشتند و به‌ویژه تفاوت اصلی بین کشورهای غیرآزاد و نیمه‌آزاد با کشورهای آزاد است. یافته‌های جنگل تصادفی نیز تأیید کرد که تأکید بر آزادی‌های مدنی و حقوق سیاسی برای برخورداری از جامعه‌ای با تبعیض جنسیتی محدود، امری ضروری است. در مقابل، نتایج مربوط به نقش و اهمیت ویژگی‌های فرهنگی، بسیار شکننده است و بسته به نمونه یا شاخص جنسیتی مورد استفاده تغییر خواهد کرد. سیاست‌گذاران با یک مبادلۀ سیاستی میان آزادی و رفع تبعیض مواجه نیستند، بلکه یک انتخاب همه یا هیچ دارند و تلاش برای نظام سیاسی آزاد و کاهش نابرابری جنسیتی و بهبود توسعۀ انسانی دو روی یک سکه هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

اقتصاد

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Role of Political Freedoms in Gender Inequalities: Global Evidence

نویسندگان [English]

Mehdi Hajamini ¹
Ameneh Zare ²
Abolfazl Dehghani ³
Masoud Nikooghadam ⁴

¹ Associate Professor in Economics, Department of Economics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.

² Master’s Degree in Economics, Department of Economics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.

³ PhD Candidate of Economics, Department of Economics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.

⁴ Assistant professor of Economics, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran.

چکیده [English]

In today’s world, the socio-economic statuses of women and men have evolved; however, the effects of masculine ideologies are still evident, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. The function of governments as a shield that protects the interests of men is widely believed to be historically and institutionally related to this inequality of opportunities. As a result, the present paper has investigated the role of political structure and power on gender inequalities using two methods of variance analysis and random forest, as well as over 2500 observations from 94 countries between 1970 and 2020. For this purpose, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and political rights and civil liberties indicators were implemented. Based on the variance analysis, two dimensions of democratic political structure were found to be significantly involved in the explanation of the disparity between gender development and gender inequality, particularly the primary difference between not-free and partly-free countries and free countries. In order to experience a society with minimal gender discrimination, it is imperative to prioritize civil liberties and political rights, as the random forest results also confirmed. However, the results concerning cultural characteristics are exceedingly susceptible to fluctuations and are contingent upon the sample or gender index . A policy trade-off between gender freedom and development is not presented to policymakers in developing and underdeveloped countries; rather, they are presented with an all-or-nothing choice. Reducing gender inequality and achieving a free political system are two aspects of the same coin.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Political Freedom
Gender Inequality
Gender Development
Hofstede's cultural Dimensions

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زن در توسعه و سیاست

نقش آزادی‌های سیاسی در نابرابری‌های جنسیتی: مشاهدات جهانی

مراجع

مراجع

دوره 22، شماره 3
مهر 1403
صفحه 619-652

نقش آزادی‌های سیاسی در نابرابری‌های جنسیتی: مشاهدات جهانی

مراجع

مراجع

دوره 22، شماره 3مهر 1403صفحه 619-652

دوره 22، شماره 3
مهر 1403
صفحه 619-652