Political sciences
Amene Mirkhoshkhou; Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei
Abstract
One of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making is to show the obstacles and limitations of their presence in the high levels of political positions in the country. The main question is what factors and characteristics cause the current ...
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One of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making is to show the obstacles and limitations of their presence in the high levels of political positions in the country. The main question is what factors and characteristics cause the current situation of lack of interest in the presence of women in policy-making and decision-making? In response to this question, several studies have examined the current situation of the presence of women in government agencies and the three forces, especially the government cabinet and parliament. But most of these studies focus too much on identifying barriers in entering the moment of woman to high levels of political position, so they have not been able to reveal the impact of political trends due to the political structure of the country and the complexity of the political and cultural dimensions. This article examines the causes and factors of limitations of women political activity after taking high level political management in both reformist and fundamentalist political spectrums. To achieve this, the views and opinions of women were used who had direct experience of holding senior political management positions such as Cabinet and Parliament. Using semi-structured interviews and qualitative data analysis through Thematic analysis, some factors and limitations of political-management action were identified and explained.
Ecology
Masoumeh Jorjany; Somayeh Baseri; Farideh Afarin
Abstract
Clothing industry is a major source of environmental pollution especially in developing countries such as Iran. The mass consumption of clothing and also their common methods of design and production have led to increased environmental pollution due to the disposal of vast amounts of non-biodegradable ...
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Clothing industry is a major source of environmental pollution especially in developing countries such as Iran. The mass consumption of clothing and also their common methods of design and production have led to increased environmental pollution due to the disposal of vast amounts of non-biodegradable wastes ultimately faced the country with several problems. As a result, new approaches are going to be developed to renewing the use of scrap and waste materials in clothing production aimed at safeguarding the environment. The question that arises is whether clothing design and production processes can be improved based on the facilities of the country in accordance with the sustainable development principles. It appears that empowerment of women in sustainable development topics can be an ideal solution for achieving this goal. What support this idea is the women impact on the sustainable source management, social communication, and the country’s education system. In this way, this present study attempts to design and produce the women social clothing by using the fabric scraps and agricultural waste. The reflection of this design method was examined among the female students of BA and MA courses in carpet, textile design and printing, art research, and handicrafts industry from the art faculty of Semnan university. A method of this research is a descriptive-survey way and its purpose is an "applied" one. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. A sample size of 102 students was chosen using a simple random sampling. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings obtained from this study showed that the components of designed garment exception of the body characteristics are accepted by the statistical community. The results also indicated a positive relationship between the girls' awareness of the principles of sustainable clothing development and their satisfaction with the designs done.
Political sciences
Hoda sadat Vaezi; Ali Alihosseini
Abstract
From the middle of the twentieth century; Due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics and enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of ...
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From the middle of the twentieth century; Due to the pervasiveness of the process of globalization & democratic political culture, the majority of people & women were able to participate effectively in politics and enter politics. Especially since the 21st century; the increasing presence of women in politics has been expanding as a pervasive process. In a general sense; the arenas of human life include political, economic, social and cultural fields. Considering that the most effective component of power is the political arena; It can be said: politics is the most important field of human life. Because political power has the final role of determining, controlling, managing and making decisions. For this reason; participation in political power & attaining political positions have always been important for people. So It should be noted that the presence of women in political positions is important, especially in terms of considering women's rights at the time of legislation & policy-making and benefiting from the potential of women in the field of political management. Therefore; this descriptive-analytical study by document collection method and analysis of some statistics and analogy; tries to answer this question “Given the global trend of women in political positions, what is the status of women in political positions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its facilities?”. The results show that Iran is in a bad position in terms of the global sub-index (Sub-index of political empowerment), even compared to many countries in its region!. It should be noted that in the future, due to the growing efforts of Iranian women for political participation at the level of the power elite, for example; increasing registration & application & candidacy in the elections of the Islamic Council, the elections of the Assembly Experts & the presidential elections, considering to increase the level of education of Iranian women , to increase the ranking of Iran under the global index of Educational Attainment and especially with regard to the globalization process & democratic political culture in the age of communication; the demand of Iranian women to play an effective role in political power will increase a lot. These facilities should be emphasized, for example: A history of high university education suitable for Iranian women in fields related to political management which are related to social political management & political positions, Realization of the minimum political work experience of women to achieve political positions after four decades of the stability of the Islamic Revolution, Accepting the presence of women in the field of political power by the transitioning society of Iran & The hidden potential of the ideal of the Islamic revolution is about the opposition to the instrumental view of capitalism on female gender. It is necessary to reduced the impact of obstacles to the achievement of Iranian women in political positions with some solutions, for example: political system support measures to increase the share of women in political positions & improve the international image of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Culture-Building to show the Political field with the image of female & male presence and increasing women's self-confidence.
Sociology
Mahsa Tizchang; sharareh mehdizadeh
Abstract
The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure ...
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The present study has described and analyzed the experiences of women domestic workers from living in multiple and different worlds. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of these women as a silent and marginalized group due to the lack of an official position in the legal structure and the weakness of research. According to the statistics of the International Labor Organization, there are currently about 100 million domestic workers in the world, most of whom are women and include the informal economy. First of all, the questions of this study are based on the description of the salient points of domestic worker women's experience of the work and life situation in a context of different worlds. In what situations and with which mechanisms do these women experience difference and inequality? How does the perception resulting from such an experience manifest itself in people's consciousness? How can the more structural implications of such situational perception be explained?
The approach and method is based on the existential phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, which is focused on the experience of the embodied subject in the world, whose perception is determined based on her situation in relation to others and the world. The statistical population included female domestic workers aged 25 to 55 in Tehran, who were selected through snowball and criterion-related sampling. The results of the study show that the outstanding levels of perception among these women are the result of situations of powerlessness, ambiguity and not being at ease that is clearly the result of the predominance of informal relations, away from legal supervision and intermingled with cultural practices that reproduce a structure of power hierarchies at the everyday level. Such a context makes the intention or motivation and daily practices of both sides subject to the possibility of multiple readings; This is largely due to cultural contexts and social beliefs regarding moral systems, dignified principles, and the reasons for placing people in hierarchical social stratifications. We are constantly acting on the basis of perception and awareness affected by such entanglements, and we enable the reproduction of epistemic systems that We are not necessarily aware of its consequences. In the theme of instrumentalization, the participants found themselves in situations of excessive accessibility, worthlessness and identification with the work they do. Ambiguity implied a perceptual background that was, at the first level, affected by borderline relations between the worker and the employer in an informal atmosphere and based on non-standard conditions or lack of supervision and rules, mixed with empathic, authoritarian, pitiful and exploitative behaviors that Their interference in people's experience, in addition to the fact that it had led to indirect indications of such relationships; A form of sensory confusion followed. In the third theme, continuous exposure to the symbols of inequality, difference in social status and levels of Prosperity under contradictory situations could be recognized in the entire narrative of the participants, which shows the state of not being at ease. The meaning of such a space of plurality and multiple/contradictory possibilities of action/reaction can be understood in the shadow of Merleau-Ponty's belief that perception is inevitably accompanied by action; Perception, which is an inevitable aspect of our existence in the world, and always affects us through direct or indirect contact with others, their beliefs, their history, and their stories. A common focus of the literature on paid domestic work in the world is that the gender and social class of domestic workers are central to explaining the structural oppression of domestic work. Such an approach is confirmed in the present study. They show that the inequalities reproduced in domestic service flows are largely maintained through emotional ambiguities in the midst of such intersections.
At the macro level, it can be said that the market model of care - of which rental home care is one of the main pillars - not only reproduces existing social inequalities, but also reinforces the traditional gender division of labor and institutionalized servitude. Unlike the market care model, a public care model that is included in the public system of the country, allows to consider gender, class and cultural equality relations. The public model of care also considers the responsibility of care and the care needs of the lower social classes and marginalized groups. While such a commitment is specific to social biases, it is necessary to problematize gender bias in the public model of care and to revitalize the social struggle to recognize care (including domestic work) and its value.
Women's Studies
Farzaneh Haghighat ghahfarokhi; Seyed Ali Hosseini; Esmaeil Ghaderi; Seyed Mojtaba Mahmudzadeh
Abstract
Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry ...
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Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry whose development brings many economic, social and cultural changes for a society and human interactions play an important role in it, can have a significant impact on the formation of people's identity and their identity changes. Experiencing new opportunities through development of tourism can affect how women know themselves and rebuild their identity. The development of tourism creates job opportunities for women, which has a great impact on the perception of others about the traditional roles of women, so that women are no longer expected to do only domestic work. As a large part of the workforce in the tourism industry, women are exposed to identity changes and transformations by being members of different groups and working in the new context of tourism, which is sometimes in conflict with their traditional values.The main goal of this research is to provide a thematic network analysis of the identity construction of women working in tourism, and specifically women working in ecolodges of Kerman province. In this regard, based on the interpretive approach, qualitative methodology has been chosen, and answers to the research questions and objectives have been chosen based on ethnography. The purpose of interpretivism is to know how the research subject understands her life. This approach seeks to create and develop the understanding of social life and to discover how people experience their lives and create meaning in different situations. In ethnography, four types of topics are usually researched: perspective, relationship, interaction and identity. This study seeks to construct the identity of women working in tourism.
In ethnographic research, the sample size is different based on the time, the studied people and the research field. In this research, the sample size was selected based on the fact that the people have experience in establishing and working in one of the ecolodges of Kerman province and have enough time to answer the questions as well as personal desire. This group of women was selected as the informants of the research and the in-depth interview with them continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The researcher reached theoretical saturation after conducting fifteen interviews, however, she continued the interviews to twenty women. Necessary criteria for the selection of informants, including compliance with the maximum diversity of people in terms of age, education, social class, religion, ethnicity, city of residence and geographical area of residence, have been taken into consideration.
Attride-Stirling theme network analysis was used for data analysis. In the six-step process of analysis, 88 initial codes were reduced to 33 basic theme, 13 organizing themes, and a global theme of "women's identity transition from traditional dependence to modern independence in the context of tourism". The analysis of the theme network indicates that the experience of new opportunities through the development of tourism along with the positive and negative lived experiences of women in the past and now, as well as the activity in the existing social and cultural context, which includes the transformation of women's gender identity, women's beliefs in identity building, deconstruction cultural and social and feeling the need for change, leads to the construction of identity in different dimensions, including emotional construction of identity, psychological construction of identity, construction of communication identity, construction of local identity, construction of occupational identity, construction of economic identity, construction of dignity identity and construction of socially independent identity. These identity processes are the result of the interaction of women who have been involved in personal issues in the field of family institutions before entering the world of tourism, with the endless world of tourism and its various managerial, political, economic, cultural and social aspects.
In addition to presenting a female identity model in the context of tourism, this research is an intermediate link between the studies of women, tourism and identity, which has not been addressed so far and raises new issues in the field of women, society and tourism. Issues that may not have been able to be discussed until now due to the weak role of women in social fields, and now due to the increasing presence of women in this industry, can be studied. These issues are actually issues that can be proposed in the field of tourism management and sociology of tourism with the identity changes of women, and future-oriented approaches in the field of tourism are forced to continuously study the behavioral and identity changes of women in this field in order to be able to plan and make policy in this field in a favorable way. On the other hand, one of the main results of this study is provided platform of tourism to show the social and cultural dimensions of women in the society, as well as depicting the feminization of social life in a noticeable and gradual way.
Key Words: Ecolodge, Identity, Kerman province, Thematic analysis, Tourism, Women
Women's Studies
shohre rowshani
Abstract
Background: work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. Work-family balance creates positive results, while imbalance between work and family has negative ...
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Background: work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. Work-family balance creates positive results, while imbalance between work and family has negative consequences that can lead to serious problems for the individual and the organization. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible.
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.
Method: The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.
Findings: Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle.
Result: Among the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering, some factors have played a more prominent role. One of the most important conditions mentioned by all the women was the support and companionship by their husbands. Support and companionship by spouse in the form of participation in household affairs and child-rearing, in addition to providing more opportunities for women to deal with work duties and as a result, to play a balanced role of work and mothering, encourages and increases motivation and mental energy in women for Playing the job and mother role as best as possible, and in this way, it provides the basis for establishing a balance between the job and mother role. The support and companionship by the university was also one of the most important conditions that played an effective role in establishing balance. Understanding the difficult conditions of playing the role of a mother and a job together, especially for women with young children, by the officials and colleagues of the university and supporting them in different ways, including accepting flexibility in the hours of attendance at the university and adjusting the curriculum according to The conditions of taking care of children, in addition to helping women to adjust the program of work activities in accordance with the duties of mothers, also played a very important role in reducing the tensions caused by the concerns of Playing multiple roles, and by creating tranquility has been effective in balance between work and mothering.
Entrepreneurship
manouchehr alinejad; seyedeh zynab mosavi; Mehraban Parsamehr
Abstract
In Iran, the development and promotion of entrepreneurship is one of the serious needs of society and family structure, traditional attitudes and gender stereotypes that describe the social structures of countries have a strong impact on the process of women entrepreneurship development. The purpose ...
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In Iran, the development and promotion of entrepreneurship is one of the serious needs of society and family structure, traditional attitudes and gender stereotypes that describe the social structures of countries have a strong impact on the process of women entrepreneurship development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the successful entrepreneurial behaviors of women in Yazd. In this qualitative study, the focused population are women entrepreneurs in Yazd. Selected by purposive and theoretical sampling, the sample of this study included 15 women entrepreneurs, who were different in terms of age, education, type of profession and marital status. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the interviews. From the results of the analysis, three main themes were obtained. The main theme of constructive interaction with mental and social barriers includes 21 concepts and 5 sub-themes (domination of patriarchal gender ideology, lack of structural support, stereotype of disbelief in women's ability, economic view of women's work, social short-sightedness). The theme of self-improvement was obtained from 21 concepts and 4 sub-themes (aligning with social norms, proving individual abilities, overcoming self-limitation, observing gender norms). The main themes of reflection positivity were extracted from 9 concepts and 2 sub-themes, positive self-affirmation and action self-belief.
Rural Development
Aliakbar Anabestani; Shokofeh Moamelvand; Mahdi Javanshiri
Abstract
The development thinkers have always agreed on human excellence in all aspects, yet in many countries the issue of gender has become a basis for socio-cultural, economic, political, etc. In inequalities, and this leads to a serious challenge and dilemma in achieving sustainable development. ...
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The development thinkers have always agreed on human excellence in all aspects, yet in many countries the issue of gender has become a basis for socio-cultural, economic, political, etc. In inequalities, and this leads to a serious challenge and dilemma in achieving sustainable development. Rural areas, because of the dominant sexism, women and their empowerment in various fields, are ignored whereas their participation as well as men’s can facilitate the process of achieving development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate gender approaches to sustainable development in villages around the metropolis of Karaj. The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied in terms of purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect data. Statistically, it covers the population of 10 villages located in the central part of Karaj city and out of a total of 3987 households living in rural suburb settlements. According to the Cochran's formula, the sample size of 228 households was estimated, and these individuals were selected by random sampling method. To test the conceptual model of the research and to investigate the effect of research dimensions on sustainable development, the partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used. According to the results, the coefficients of t between the main variables of the study are above 2.58, and there is a significant and direct relationship. Thus, economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions have a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. The value of R2 shows that 96.7% of sustainable development is explained by achieving four dimensions, and the economic dimension with a coefficient of 0.88 has a greater effect on other dimensions in a sustainable rural development. Also, the results of t-test with two independent nodes showed that in the study area, gender type was not effective only in economic and sustainable development indicators, but rather was in three indicators of social, environmental and institutional. Therefore, all of these dimensions, in terms of importance and necessity, require well-planned planning and action to improve, neglecting of which can improve the process of improving sustainable rural development and could challenge the positive role of gender approach in it.
Women's Studies
Effat Borna; Hossein Afrasiabi; ahmad kalate sadati; Mahdi Kermani
Abstract
Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured ...
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Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to conduct a qualitative study with women between 30 and 40 years. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, we continued the interviews until achieving theoretical saturation, and finally, 25 people were interviewed. After transposing data into MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, they were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory coding methods. The findings emerged in eight categories: (1) one-dimensional socialization and external limitations, (2) restrictions on career prospects, (3) lack of financial and family support, (4) lack of skill-based training, (5) role pressure of housekeeping (6) access to university education (7) focus on personal empowerment and (8) cyberspace opportunities. “Constraints and role duality” was considered the core category. The findings suggest that the intersectional socio-cultural systems that shape individuals' identities involve women in a cycle of learning about systemic influences so that participants develop the semantic structures needed to filter out discriminatory effects. It should be noted that the social system has been able to provide new opportunities for women; however, the weight of gender social components is still high, and these opportunities have not been realized
Women's Studies
saber kalhori; farshad mohammadian
Abstract
Women's economic empowerment is related to human rights and social justice and is very important for human development. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has shown that women's economic empowerment plays an important role in eliminating gender discrimination and sustainable development. Also, ...
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Women's economic empowerment is related to human rights and social justice and is very important for human development. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has shown that women's economic empowerment plays an important role in eliminating gender discrimination and sustainable development. Also, increasing women's economic empowerment through access to and control of valuable resources has positive effects on the well-being of women and the next generation, and therefore, women's economic empowerment also contributes to human capital and human capabilities. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of financial access on women's economic empowerment in Middle Eastern countries using generalize method of moments (GMM) panel data from 2004 to 2018. The results showed that economic empowerment increases with improving financial access, so that with a 1% increase in the number of commercial banks branches, economic empowerment increases by 0.37%. Also, the variables of life expectancy, education and cost of living have a positive and significant relationship and the variable of GDP per capita has a significant and negative relationship with economic empowerment. Therefore, it is suggested that governments, organizations and policy makers consider measures to facilitate, improve and increase the granting of self-employment loans to women in order to activate them in society and the labor market. Also, by providing programs to increase the level of education of women in society and by implementing development plans and programs and in general by providing comprehensive services to increase women's health improves women's economic empowerment.
Political sciences
yahya kamali; kiana kamyabi
Abstract
This research aims to identify and rank the political and legal challenges of women taking political positions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method consists of two qualitative and quantitative stages. The qualitative stage , which attempts to identify the challenges, that ...
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This research aims to identify and rank the political and legal challenges of women taking political positions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method consists of two qualitative and quantitative stages. The qualitative stage , which attempts to identify the challenges, that has been done by thematic analysis method. At this stage, the data sampling method was purposive sampling. The quantitative method using the AHP, at this stage, the data collection tool, a Pairwise comparison questionnaire including 32 challenges to rank the challenges were provided to experts in this field. Findings show that the challenges of women taking political positions include two types of challenges: political and legal ones. Political challenges themselves are divided into two sub-themes, governmental and non-governmental. The ranking of challenges is as follows: political challenges with a weight of 0.694 have gained the first rank and legal challenges with a weight of 0.306 have gained the second rank. Among the sub-criteria of political challenge, governmental challenges with a weight of 0.713 have the first rank and non-governmental challenges with a weight of 0.287 have the second rank. Among the 32 challenges, male dominance in politics (patriarchy) with a weight of 0.07719 has won the first place. After that, the patriarchal administrative culture with a weight of 0.05542 ranked second and the lack of legal protection for women with a weight of 0.05263 ranked third. Findings show that macro-challenges related to political structure are more important than individual challenges and micro level. These results are consistent with some other researches .
Women's Studies
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad
Abstract
This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through ...
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This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through purposive sampling with maximum variety in terms of age, number of children, position, and type of contract, then to be determined based on the theoretical saturation level. The data collection method is in-depth interview and the analysis method is thematic analysis, extracted in three methods of open, axial, and selective coding. Based on this study’s findings, the areas of conflict are divided into 8 sub-themes and 3 main themes: "high job requirements", "unequal gender approach in the private and public spheres", and "abandonment and marginalization of policies for family and childbearing ". Working mothers also make great efforts to adapt and use a variety of strategies. These strategies, extracted from a total of 95 basic concepts and 18 sub-themes, are classified into two main themes, namely "bounded rationality" and "formation of non-traditional organizational arrangements". In general, while policy initiatives can be effective in helping women adapt to dual roles, many women still address these issues on an individual or personal level. Working women feel that the policies adopted by the organization are insufficient and have no executive guarantee; therefore, they do not affect their lives significantly.
Siroos Ahmadi; Kheyri Hamidpoor; hamid sedaghat; Fatemeh karami
Abstract
Violence against women is any form of gender-based violence behavior that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm and pain to women. Such behavior can be done openly or covertly by threatening, coercing, and outright deprivation of liberty. Violence against women is a phenomenon in which women are ...
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Violence against women is any form of gender-based violence behavior that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm and pain to women. Such behavior can be done openly or covertly by threatening, coercing, and outright deprivation of liberty. Violence against women is a phenomenon in which women are abused by the opposite sex because of their gender and simply because they are women. In this regard, the present study seeks to investigate the violence against women among women in Bushehr in frame of the qualitative method using the grounded theory. Participants were 12 women who were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and then the data were analyzed using three-step coding of open, axial and selective. The findings indicate the existence of five axial categories including "patriarchal culture and institutionalized gender inequality", "quality of couples' interactions", "legitimization of the cultural system to violence", "women's strategy against violence" and "reproduction of patriarchal attitudes towards to women ". The core variable of the research is "the rule of patriarchal ideology and the hegemony of male domination"; Violence perpetrated by men against women in any situation is affected by the strong position of men in interpersonal and social relationships. Masculinity as a strong factor impacts on violence against women and violence is influenced by the patriarchal system.
Elmira Jafari; Sadegh Salehi; Bahram Ghadimi
Abstract
The best solution today To face waste challenges include strengthening social resources and human capital, including housewives who spend most of their time at home playing a very effective role in environmental issues and household waste management. Understanding this is important current study has ...
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The best solution today To face waste challenges include strengthening social resources and human capital, including housewives who spend most of their time at home playing a very effective role in environmental issues and household waste management. Understanding this is important current study has been done with the aim of Identification the role of social capital in household waste management by women. For this study, the survey method has been used. The statistical population includes women living in Sirjan. Using random cluster sampling method, 384 people were randomly selected as the sample. To determine the sample size of The cochran's formula was used. To collect research data of the researcher-made questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed, Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and structural modeling in Lisrel and SPSS statistical software. The results showed that the relationship between social capital and its components is social trust, social participation, social security, social norms and social cohesion with Household waste management has a positive and significant relationship. Accordingly, one of the factors that can be effective in household waste management is social capital management.
hadiseh ramezanifar; Alireza Kaldi; Bahram Ghadimi
Abstract
Dissatisfaction with married life, reduced intimacy and emotional distance between couples leads to emotional divorce. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting emotional divorce and strategies to deal with it using the basic theory method among women in Tonekabon. Using ...
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Dissatisfaction with married life, reduced intimacy and emotional distance between couples leads to emotional divorce. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting emotional divorce and strategies to deal with it using the basic theory method among women in Tonekabon. Using purposive sampling method, 21 women involved in emotional divorce referred to counseling centers in Tonekabon were selected and the necessary information was collected using in-depth interviews. The data is encoded and analyzed in 3 steps. The results show that categories such as men's neglect of women, irresponsibility, violence, communication and sexual problems, lack of effective presence at home and lack of proper leisure programs cause emotional divorce and factors such as family conditions and family and base interventions. Socioeconomic status of the individual, occupation, income, duration of marriage, and age of the couple at the time of marriage exacerbate the causal factors affecting emotional divorce. Therefore, the strategy to get rid of this situation has been proposed at both individual and social levels
karimi Karimi; Somayeh Arab Khorasani; faeze tabatabai; mohammadreza Nasiri
Abstract
purpose of the present study identifying and comparing the thematic trend of concepts of violence in research on gender, women, family between developed countries and Iran in three time periods based co-word, network analysis, and science visualization tools. Methods: Bibliometrics methodology and social ...
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purpose of the present study identifying and comparing the thematic trend of concepts of violence in research on gender, women, family between developed countries and Iran in three time periods based co-word, network analysis, and science visualization tools. Methods: Bibliometrics methodology and social network analysis are used. Population comprises 3246 records in developed countries from Web of Knowledge and 1295 records from Women and Family Research . The results indicated that the core words before 2001 included 4 keywords, 2011 -2010, 14 keywords and 2011-2020, 22 keywords. The keywords of the 2001-2010 (second period) were 42% different than before 2001 and The keywords of the 2011-2020 (third period) compared to the 2001-2010s (second period) have changed by 62%. The overall result of the three decades confirms that research in the field of violence in the studies gender, women and the family with general topics started before 2001 and in the 2001-2010s and 2011-2020s have been analyzed in a more specialized way. In developed countries, the most important clusters before the before 2001 were violence against women, in the 2001-2010s, ethnic clusters, and in the 2010-2020, domestic violence, and in Iran, before the 2001s, the most important clusters were domestic violence against women, 2001-2010 gender inequalities,2010-2020 and domestic violence and sexual violence. In Iran and developed countries, clusters of domestic violence and domestic violence against women are located in the adult and central regions.
atefe khademi; zeynab yaseri
Abstract
Work-family balance refers to the synchronization of family and occupational roles. Undoubtedly, the content and policymaking system’s approach to this issue is one of the main factors affecting realization of satisfactory condition of the women's employment system and realization of a constructive ...
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Work-family balance refers to the synchronization of family and occupational roles. Undoubtedly, the content and policymaking system’s approach to this issue is one of the main factors affecting realization of satisfactory condition of the women's employment system and realization of a constructive balance between work and family in women's lives. This study aims to investigate the flow and trends of women's employment policymaking and how these policies consider the work-family balance for women using meta-analysis method. In this study, the meta-analysis of policymaking in the field of women's employment and considering extent to which they relate to create balance between work and family domains suggests that policymaking area has failed systematically to achieve goals such as balance between employment and family. Also, based on the principle of women's dignity and paying attention to create dignity for women, to organize employment, so the policies adopted during these years are in a basic and content disturbance which is not proportional to the woman at the level of the Islamic Revolution.
fahimeh keshavarzi; babak shamshiri
Abstract
The purpose of this sequential exploratory mixed method research of the type of classification is a formulation of a practical model for development of empowering mothers in Iranian society. In this regard, the qualitative purpose of the research is to explore the framework of applied components in the ...
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The purpose of this sequential exploratory mixed method research of the type of classification is a formulation of a practical model for development of empowering mothers in Iranian society. In this regard, the qualitative purpose of the research is to explore the framework of applied components in the development of empowered mothers and the quantitative purpose of the research is to validate the developed framework, to measure its usefulness and feasibility. Research method in qualitative part, case study and potential research participants included experts and faculty members as well as sample women in Fars province. The sample mothers and 5 women from the sample city with managerial tenure were selected. The method of collecting qualitative data was in-depth interview and study of documents related to the research subject. The content analysis method was used to develop a practical model for developing empowering mothers in Iranian society. Based on the findings of the qualitative part of the research, the model of empowering mothers in Iranian society was explored in 5 themes of organizing personal knowledge, environmental knowledge, personal attitude, environmental attitude, personal skill and environmental skill and 57 basic themes. Based on the findings of the first part of the study, a scale was designed for use in the quantitative section. In the quantitative section, the validity of the framework was measured by the descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of faculty members specializing in psychology, educational sciences, sociology and law, which were selected through purposeful sampling approach and key informants were selected and distributed among them. The framework was validated using Lisrel 8.8 and Spss 21 software and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the model was valid, useful and applicable.
Fatemeh Vazifehshenas; Mohamadmahdi Rahmati; Hoda Hallajzadeh
Abstract
The research attempts to describe the beauty of the female body as a discursive order, and to interpret the discourses present in this field as well as the hegemonic mechanisms of representing the female subject within discourse. In this regard, with a qualitative approach and in the framework of the ...
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The research attempts to describe the beauty of the female body as a discursive order, and to interpret the discourses present in this field as well as the hegemonic mechanisms of representing the female subject within discourse. In this regard, with a qualitative approach and in the framework of the discourse analysis method, this study discussed the analytical extension of the female body beauty discourses. Data were collected using semi-structure interview technique among 30 women who were selected through purposeful sampling. The findings of the research led to the interpretation of the body as a subject in three levels of exercise, medicine and diet discourses. The concepts of building and femininity of the body under the guise of sport discourse, standardization and beauty eroticism were formulated in the medical discourse and the concepts of discipline and body shame followed by diet discourse. The interpretation of these three discursive levels showed that patriarchy has the hegemonic aspect as the discourse in the highest level of discursive hegemony and directs the mentality of women in the direction of body management. This discourse with the conception of the ideal woman seeks to negate other forms of femininity and essentially builds the beauty of the feminine body in the form of a male hegemonic look into the feminine body.
Ali Ruhani; Mohadeseh Abedi-Diznab
Abstract
The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data ...
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The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data saturation occurs. Data were collected and analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The findings were presented in the form of story line (15 main categories and one core category) and paradigm model. In general, the results of the study showed that women are faced with dualism of discrimination and hope due to their culture. This duality is resulted from women's psychosocial subordination in addition to the rule of gender constraints. In such situations, coping strategies (retrospective utopian / psychosocial subordination / hyperactivity) are activated in women. However, these strategies are also associated with some consequences in these women. In fact, women, besides all the discrimination and the struggle to eliminate them, live their lives with duality of discrimination and hope to achieve their real place.
Zahra Sadeqi Arani; Esmaeil Mazroui Nasrabadi; Mahdiyeh Moslehi Vadeghani
Abstract
Despite the fact that money plays an important role in people lives, attitudes and behaviors, there are little empirical research to examine the factors influencing these attitudes and the beliefs of individuals about their money and their behavioral styles. The psychology of money is one of the neglected ...
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Despite the fact that money plays an important role in people lives, attitudes and behaviors, there are little empirical research to examine the factors influencing these attitudes and the beliefs of individuals about their money and their behavioral styles. The psychology of money is one of the neglected fields of the science of psychology and communication. On the other hand, with regards to the increased willingness of women to have a job in recent years, this study aims to explore the attitudes towards money in employed and unemployed women in Kashan city and examine the impact of demographic and personality traits on that. The results of this study show that women consider the money as a source of security, not power, and that the amount of money reflects their efforts for that. Also, tendency of employed women to retain money is more than that of unemployed women. In addition, women over 40 years are more likely than women in other groups for retention of money. Therefore, higher income groups significantly believe their income is reflecting their efforts. The results revealed significant but weak relationship between personality and money attitudes.
Mohsen Taheri Demneh; Zahra Heidari Darani
Abstract
In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics ...
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In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics and attitudes of a generations and intergenerational studies is essential for a better understanding of social behaviors and the way in which future social reality is constructed. The present study as a futuristic study explores the images of the future in the minds of female students born in the decade 1990s. The data of this research were obtained through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by qualitative methods of thematic and narrative analysis. The results of the research show that 8 macro narratives create images of the future in the minds of interviewees. These macro narratives are as follows: i) small steps and gradual changes; ii) the transition from traditional to modern life; iii) social without future; iv) color properties; v) Paradise Homeland; vi) Female participation; vii) future without gender and viii) Mother forever. The findings of this paper show that although interviewees, like most young people in the world, are faced with two categories of social disappointment and individualism as negative images of the future; however, 3 narratives include future without gender, acceptance of the role of motherhood and a positive image of Iran's future reflecting the constructive role of women born in the 1370s in the future of the country.
Sociology
Ghasem Zaeri; fatemeh yusefinejad
Abstract
Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term ...
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Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term "compulsory" in this policy. This article is studying the resistance of social actors, in particular women's agency, to the implementation of this law and will show that in three main periods, from 1927 to 1935, and from 1935 to 1941, and from 1941 to 1943, three different forms of resistance against unveiling has been formed. The beginning of World War II in 1939 and the occupation of Iran by the Allies in 1941 are the most important structural changes that have provided context for action of social actors. The Second Pahlavi required that the clergy (Ulamā) support his monarchy or at least they do not disagree with it. This is another important change that helps the institutional revival of the clergy as an important power in topic of hijab. The article will show that there is no uniform and planned process in confronting women with "Unveiling" whereas this is resulted from the historical and social dispersed forces which provides the context for "Return to Hijab" in 1943. Women pursue a set of strategies against the policy of unveiling such as positive resistance and innovation in clothing design, negative resistance and physical conflict with police officers, immigration, staying at home and social deprivation, as well as petitioning for legal authorities. During the course of this resistance and return, the next discourse of hijab is formed such as "Hijab as Freedom" or the responsibility of the government to promote hijab. The Foucault method of analyzing historical trends, and first-hand documents, and official reports of the police and the Ministry of Interior, and oral history at the aforementioned time periods has been used in this paper.
Management
Amir khanlari; Masoud Keimasi; Mohammad Saleh Torkestani; Iman Yaghoubian
Abstract
The purpose of this study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, the factors are identified that affect the consumer behavior and of cosmetics luxury goods in Iran's market. In the second part, these identified factors are turned into the model of the consumer behavior of luxury cosmetics ...
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The purpose of this study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, the factors are identified that affect the consumer behavior and of cosmetics luxury goods in Iran's market. In the second part, these identified factors are turned into the model of the consumer behavior of luxury cosmetics goods. This study has been conducted using combined method (qualitative and then quantitative method). In the first phase, the data were collected qualitatively through semi-structured deep interviews with consumer focus groups and studied using the theme analysis method. The data were obtained from interviews with 23 subjects. Then, in the second phase using the quantitative method, the questionnaires have been completed by 12 experts of cosmetics industry and turned into a final consumer behavior model using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). In this study, after identifying 12 main categories from the first phase of the study, we achieved four-level model of the consumer behavior using Interpretative Structural Modeling Method (ISM) in the second phase.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalate Sadaty; Hamid Hejazi; Elham Moradi Nezhad
Abstract
Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure ...
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Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure and social deterrence. The theoretical framework of the present research is Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity. This is descriptive-analytic study that has been examined by a standardized questionnaire as the instrument. The population of the research include single women aged 18 and above in Yazd province. Using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated 385 people. We have used multi-stage cluster sampling. Different areas of the city were divided into three parts (north, center, and south), and two blocks from each part was selected as the sample. In order to analyze the data, we have also applied SPSS 16. The results have indicated that tendency toward high risk behavior among women is at the average level. Furthermore, the religious ties of the women are at the average level. There is a reverse and significant relationship between religiosity and high risk behavior (-0.619). The high risk behavior declines as religiosity increases (p=0.000). Also, there is a significant relationship between religiosity (24.126) and marital status (p=0.000). The religiosity of married people is more than that of single people (p=0.000). The analysis of regression indicated that religious attitude affects high risk behaviors with beta coefficient of -0.558. Despite wide social changes, the results of this study confirmed that religion still controls high risk behaviors.
