Rural Development
Aliakbar Anabestani; Shokofeh Moamelvand; Mahdi Javanshiri
Abstract
Although development thinkers have always agreed on human excellence in all aspects, in many countries the issue of gender has become a criterion for socio-cultural, economic, political, etc. inequalities, and this is a serious challenge and dilemma in achieving sustainable development. Rural women, ...
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Although development thinkers have always agreed on human excellence in all aspects, in many countries the issue of gender has become a criterion for socio-cultural, economic, political, etc. inequalities, and this is a serious challenge and dilemma in achieving sustainable development. Rural women, on the other hand, ignore women because of their sexual orientation and their empowerment in various fields, while the participation of women of the same male gender can facilitate the process of achieving development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate gender approaches to sustainable development in villages around the metropolis of Karaj. The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied in terms of purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The statistical population of 10 villages located in the central part of Karaj city and from a total of 3987 households living in rural Pri-urban settlements, with the Cochran's formula, the sample size of 228 households was estimated and these individuals were selected by random sampling method. To test the conceptual model of the research and to investigate the effect of research dimensions on sustainable development, the partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used. According to the results, the coefficients of t between the main variables of the study are above 2.58, and there is a significant and direct relationship; Thus, economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions have a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. The value of R2 shows that 96.7% of sustainable development is explained by achieving four dimensions and the economic dimension with a coefficient of 0.88 has a greater effect on other dimensions. Has had a sustainable rural development. Also, the results of the t-test with two independent nodes showed that in the study area, gender type was not effective only in economic and sustainable development indicators, but in three indicators of social, environmental, and institutional, gender type had a significant effect. Therefore, all of these dimensions, in terms of importance and necessity, require well-planned planning and action to improve, and neglecting any of them can improve the process of improving sustainable rural development and the positive role of gender approach in it with many challenges and problems.
Women's Studies
Effat Borna; Hossein Afrasiabi; ahmad kalate sadati; Mahdi Kermani
Abstract
Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. we used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured ...
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Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. we used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to conduct a qualitative study with women between 30 and 40 years. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, we continued the interviews until achieving theoretical saturation, and finally, 25 people were interviewed. After transposing data into MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, they were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory coding methods. The findings emerged in eight categories: (1) one-dimensional socialization and external limitations, (2) restrictions on career prospects, (3) lack of financial and family support, (4) lack of skill-based training, (5) role pressure of housekeeping (6), access to university education (7) focus on personal empowerments and (8) cyberspace opportunities. “constraints and role duality” was considered the core category. The findings suggest that the intersectional socio-cultural systems that shape individuals' identities involve women in a cycle of learning about systemic influences so that participants develop the semantic structures needed to filter out discriminatory effects. It should be noted that the social system has been able to provide new opportunities for women; however, the weight of gender social components is still high and these opportunities have not been realized.
Political sciences
Amene Mirkhoshkhou; Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei
Abstract
One of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making is to show the obstacles and limitations of their presence in the high levels of political positions in the country. The main question is what factors and characteristics cause the current ...
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One of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making is to show the obstacles and limitations of their presence in the high levels of political positions in the country. The main question is what factors and characteristics cause the current situation of lack of interest in the presence of women in policy-making and decision-making? In response to this question, several studies have examined the current situation of the presence of women in government agencies and the three forces, especially the government cabinet and parliament. But most of these studies focus too much on identifying barriers in entering the moment of woman to high levels of political position, so they have not been able to reveal the impact of political trends due to the political structure of the country and the complexity of the political and cultural dimensions. This article examines the causes and factors of limitations of women political activity after taking high level political management in both reformist and fundamentalist political spectrums. To achieve this, the views and opinions of women were used who had direct experience of holding senior political management positions such as Cabinet and Parliament. Using semi-structured interviews and qualitative data analysis through Thematic analysis, some factors and limitations of political-management action were identified and explained.
Women's Studies
saber kalhori; farshad mohammadian
Abstract
Women's economic empowerment is related to human rights and social justice and is very important for human development. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has shown that women's economic empowerment plays an important role in eliminating gender discrimination and sustainable development. Also, ...
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Women's economic empowerment is related to human rights and social justice and is very important for human development. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has shown that women's economic empowerment plays an important role in eliminating gender discrimination and sustainable development. Also, increasing women's economic empowerment through access to and control of valuable resources has positive effects on the well-being of women and the next generation, and therefore, women's economic empowerment also contributes to human capital and human capabilities. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of financial access on women's economic empowerment in Middle Eastern countries using generalize method of moments (GMM) panel data from 2004 to 2018. The results showed that economic empowerment increases with improving financial access, so that with a 1% increase in the number of commercial banks branches, economic empowerment increases by 0.37%. Also, the variables of life expectancy, education and cost of living have a positive and significant relationship and the variable of GDP per capita has a significant and negative relationship with economic empowerment. Therefore, it is suggested that governments, organizations and policy makers consider measures to facilitate, improve and increase the granting of self-employment loans to women in order to activate them in society and the labor market. Also, by providing programs to increase the level of education of women in society and by implementing development plans and programs and in general by providing comprehensive services to increase women's health improves women's economic empowerment.
Political sciences
yahya kamali; kiana kamyabi
Abstract
This research aims to identify and rank the political and legal challenges of women taking political positions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method consists of two qualitative and quantitative stages. The qualitative stage , which attempts to identify the challenges, that ...
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This research aims to identify and rank the political and legal challenges of women taking political positions in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method consists of two qualitative and quantitative stages. The qualitative stage , which attempts to identify the challenges, that has been done by thematic analysis method. At this stage, the data sampling method was purposive sampling. The quantitative method using the AHP, at this stage, the data collection tool, a Pairwise comparison questionnaire including 32 challenges to rank the challenges were provided to experts in this field. Findings show that the challenges of women taking political positions include two types of challenges: political and legal ones. Political challenges themselves are divided into two sub-themes, governmental and non-governmental. The ranking of challenges is as follows: political challenges with a weight of 0.694 have gained the first rank and legal challenges with a weight of 0.306 have gained the second rank. Among the sub-criteria of political challenge, governmental challenges with a weight of 0.713 have the first rank and non-governmental challenges with a weight of 0.287 have the second rank. Among the 32 challenges, male dominance in politics (patriarchy) with a weight of 0.07719 has won the first place. After that, the patriarchal administrative culture with a weight of 0.05542 ranked second and the lack of legal protection for women with a weight of 0.05263 ranked third. Findings show that macro-challenges related to political structure are more important than individual challenges and micro level. These results are consistent with some other researches .
Women's Studies
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad
Abstract
This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through ...
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This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through purposive sampling with maximum variety in terms of age, number of children, position, and type of contract, then to be determined based on the theoretical saturation level. The data collection method is in-depth interview and the analysis method is thematic analysis, extracted in three methods of open, axial, and selective coding. Based on this study’s findings, the areas of conflict are divided into 8 sub-themes and 3 main themes: "high job requirements", "unequal gender approach in the private and public spheres", and "abandonment and marginalization of policies for family and childbearing ". Working mothers also make great efforts to adapt and use a variety of strategies. These strategies, extracted from a total of 95 basic concepts and 18 sub-themes, are classified into two main themes, namely "bounded rationality" and "formation of non-traditional organizational arrangements". In general, while policy initiatives can be effective in helping women adapt to dual roles, many women still address these issues on an individual or personal level. Working women feel that the policies adopted by the organization are insufficient and have no executive guarantee; therefore, they do not affect their lives significantly.
Siroos Ahmadi; Kheyri Hamidpoor; hamid sedaghat; Fatemeh karami
Abstract
Violence against women is any form of gender-based violence behavior that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm and pain to women. Such behavior can be done openly or covertly by threatening, coercing, and outright deprivation of liberty. Violence against women is a phenomenon in which women are ...
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Violence against women is any form of gender-based violence behavior that causes physical, sexual, psychological harm and pain to women. Such behavior can be done openly or covertly by threatening, coercing, and outright deprivation of liberty. Violence against women is a phenomenon in which women are abused by the opposite sex because of their gender and simply because they are women. In this regard, the present study seeks to investigate the violence against women among women in Bushehr in frame of the qualitative method using the grounded theory. Participants were 12 women who were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and then the data were analyzed using three-step coding of open, axial and selective. The findings indicate the existence of five axial categories including "patriarchal culture and institutionalized gender inequality", "quality of couples' interactions", "legitimization of the cultural system to violence", "women's strategy against violence" and "reproduction of patriarchal attitudes towards to women ". The core variable of the research is "the rule of patriarchal ideology and the hegemony of male domination"; Violence perpetrated by men against women in any situation is affected by the strong position of men in interpersonal and social relationships. Masculinity as a strong factor impacts on violence against women and violence is influenced by the patriarchal system.
Elmira Jafari; Sadegh Salehi; Bahram Ghadimi
Abstract
The best solution today To face waste challenges include strengthening social resources and human capital, including housewives who spend most of their time at home playing a very effective role in environmental issues and household waste management. Understanding this is important current study has ...
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The best solution today To face waste challenges include strengthening social resources and human capital, including housewives who spend most of their time at home playing a very effective role in environmental issues and household waste management. Understanding this is important current study has been done with the aim of Identification the role of social capital in household waste management by women. For this study, the survey method has been used. The statistical population includes women living in Sirjan. Using random cluster sampling method, 384 people were randomly selected as the sample. To determine the sample size of The cochran's formula was used. To collect research data of the researcher-made questionnaire was used. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed, Research data were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and structural modeling in Lisrel and SPSS statistical software. The results showed that the relationship between social capital and its components is social trust, social participation, social security, social norms and social cohesion with Household waste management has a positive and significant relationship. Accordingly, one of the factors that can be effective in household waste management is social capital management.
hadiseh ramezanifar; Alireza Kaldi; Bahram Ghadimi
Abstract
Dissatisfaction with married life, reduced intimacy and emotional distance between couples leads to emotional divorce. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting emotional divorce and strategies to deal with it using the basic theory method among women in Tonekabon. Using ...
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Dissatisfaction with married life, reduced intimacy and emotional distance between couples leads to emotional divorce. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting emotional divorce and strategies to deal with it using the basic theory method among women in Tonekabon. Using purposive sampling method, 21 women involved in emotional divorce referred to counseling centers in Tonekabon were selected and the necessary information was collected using in-depth interviews. The data is encoded and analyzed in 3 steps. The results show that categories such as men's neglect of women, irresponsibility, violence, communication and sexual problems, lack of effective presence at home and lack of proper leisure programs cause emotional divorce and factors such as family conditions and family and base interventions. Socioeconomic status of the individual, occupation, income, duration of marriage, and age of the couple at the time of marriage exacerbate the causal factors affecting emotional divorce. Therefore, the strategy to get rid of this situation has been proposed at both individual and social levels
karimi Karimi; Somayeh Arab Khorasani; faeze tabatabai; mohammadreza Nasiri
Abstract
purpose of the present study identifying and comparing the thematic trend of concepts of violence in research on gender, women, family between developed countries and Iran in three time periods based co-word, network analysis, and science visualization tools. Methods: Bibliometrics methodology and social ...
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purpose of the present study identifying and comparing the thematic trend of concepts of violence in research on gender, women, family between developed countries and Iran in three time periods based co-word, network analysis, and science visualization tools. Methods: Bibliometrics methodology and social network analysis are used. Population comprises 3246 records in developed countries from Web of Knowledge and 1295 records from Women and Family Research . The results indicated that the core words before 2001 included 4 keywords, 2011 -2010, 14 keywords and 2011-2020, 22 keywords. The keywords of the 2001-2010 (second period) were 42% different than before 2001 and The keywords of the 2011-2020 (third period) compared to the 2001-2010s (second period) have changed by 62%. The overall result of the three decades confirms that research in the field of violence in the studies gender, women and the family with general topics started before 2001 and in the 2001-2010s and 2011-2020s have been analyzed in a more specialized way. In developed countries, the most important clusters before the before 2001 were violence against women, in the 2001-2010s, ethnic clusters, and in the 2010-2020, domestic violence, and in Iran, before the 2001s, the most important clusters were domestic violence against women, 2001-2010 gender inequalities,2010-2020 and domestic violence and sexual violence. In Iran and developed countries, clusters of domestic violence and domestic violence against women are located in the adult and central regions.
atefe khademi; zeynab yaseri
Abstract
Work-family balance refers to the synchronization of family and occupational roles. Undoubtedly, the content and policymaking system’s approach to this issue is one of the main factors affecting realization of satisfactory condition of the women's employment system and realization of a constructive ...
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Work-family balance refers to the synchronization of family and occupational roles. Undoubtedly, the content and policymaking system’s approach to this issue is one of the main factors affecting realization of satisfactory condition of the women's employment system and realization of a constructive balance between work and family in women's lives. This study aims to investigate the flow and trends of women's employment policymaking and how these policies consider the work-family balance for women using meta-analysis method. In this study, the meta-analysis of policymaking in the field of women's employment and considering extent to which they relate to create balance between work and family domains suggests that policymaking area has failed systematically to achieve goals such as balance between employment and family. Also, based on the principle of women's dignity and paying attention to create dignity for women, to organize employment, so the policies adopted during these years are in a basic and content disturbance which is not proportional to the woman at the level of the Islamic Revolution.
fahimeh keshavarzi; babak shamshiri
Abstract
The purpose of this sequential exploratory mixed method research of the type of classification is a formulation of a practical model for development of empowering mothers in Iranian society. In this regard, the qualitative purpose of the research is to explore the framework of applied components in the ...
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The purpose of this sequential exploratory mixed method research of the type of classification is a formulation of a practical model for development of empowering mothers in Iranian society. In this regard, the qualitative purpose of the research is to explore the framework of applied components in the development of empowered mothers and the quantitative purpose of the research is to validate the developed framework, to measure its usefulness and feasibility. Research method in qualitative part, case study and potential research participants included experts and faculty members as well as sample women in Fars province. The sample mothers and 5 women from the sample city with managerial tenure were selected. The method of collecting qualitative data was in-depth interview and study of documents related to the research subject. The content analysis method was used to develop a practical model for developing empowering mothers in Iranian society. Based on the findings of the qualitative part of the research, the model of empowering mothers in Iranian society was explored in 5 themes of organizing personal knowledge, environmental knowledge, personal attitude, environmental attitude, personal skill and environmental skill and 57 basic themes. Based on the findings of the first part of the study, a scale was designed for use in the quantitative section. In the quantitative section, the validity of the framework was measured by the descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consisted of faculty members specializing in psychology, educational sciences, sociology and law, which were selected through purposeful sampling approach and key informants were selected and distributed among them. The framework was validated using Lisrel 8.8 and Spss 21 software and confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the model was valid, useful and applicable.
Fatemeh Vazifehshenas; Mohamadmahdi Rahmati; Hoda Hallajzadeh
Abstract
The research attempts to describe the beauty of the female body as a discursive order, and to interpret the discourses present in this field as well as the hegemonic mechanisms of representing the female subject within discourse. In this regard, with a qualitative approach and in the framework of the ...
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The research attempts to describe the beauty of the female body as a discursive order, and to interpret the discourses present in this field as well as the hegemonic mechanisms of representing the female subject within discourse. In this regard, with a qualitative approach and in the framework of the discourse analysis method, this study discussed the analytical extension of the female body beauty discourses. Data were collected using semi-structure interview technique among 30 women who were selected through purposeful sampling. The findings of the research led to the interpretation of the body as a subject in three levels of exercise, medicine and diet discourses. The concepts of building and femininity of the body under the guise of sport discourse, standardization and beauty eroticism were formulated in the medical discourse and the concepts of discipline and body shame followed by diet discourse. The interpretation of these three discursive levels showed that patriarchy has the hegemonic aspect as the discourse in the highest level of discursive hegemony and directs the mentality of women in the direction of body management. This discourse with the conception of the ideal woman seeks to negate other forms of femininity and essentially builds the beauty of the feminine body in the form of a male hegemonic look into the feminine body.
Ali Ruhani; Mohadeseh Abedi-Diznab
Abstract
The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data ...
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The present study seeks to evaluate the trajectory of the formation of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz. Using a qualitative approach and grounded theory, a number of women in Tabriz were selected and studied using theoretical sampling. Theoretical sampling continues until data saturation occurs. Data were collected and analyzed using open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The findings were presented in the form of story line (15 main categories and one core category) and paradigm model. In general, the results of the study showed that women are faced with dualism of discrimination and hope due to their culture. This duality is resulted from women's psychosocial subordination in addition to the rule of gender constraints. In such situations, coping strategies (retrospective utopian / psychosocial subordination / hyperactivity) are activated in women. However, these strategies are also associated with some consequences in these women. In fact, women, besides all the discrimination and the struggle to eliminate them, live their lives with duality of discrimination and hope to achieve their real place.
Zahra Sadeqi Arani; Esmaeil Mazroui Nasrabadi; Mahdiyeh Moslehi Vadeghani
Abstract
Despite the fact that money plays an important role in people lives, attitudes and behaviors, there are little empirical research to examine the factors influencing these attitudes and the beliefs of individuals about their money and their behavioral styles. The psychology of money is one of the neglected ...
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Despite the fact that money plays an important role in people lives, attitudes and behaviors, there are little empirical research to examine the factors influencing these attitudes and the beliefs of individuals about their money and their behavioral styles. The psychology of money is one of the neglected fields of the science of psychology and communication. On the other hand, with regards to the increased willingness of women to have a job in recent years, this study aims to explore the attitudes towards money in employed and unemployed women in Kashan city and examine the impact of demographic and personality traits on that. The results of this study show that women consider the money as a source of security, not power, and that the amount of money reflects their efforts for that. Also, tendency of employed women to retain money is more than that of unemployed women. In addition, women over 40 years are more likely than women in other groups for retention of money. Therefore, higher income groups significantly believe their income is reflecting their efforts. The results revealed significant but weak relationship between personality and money attitudes.
Mohsen Taheri Demneh; Zahra Heidari Darani
Abstract
In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics ...
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In a world where changes are inevitable rule, generational changes are faster and the term "generation" has become a concept only used for a decade. Each generation has different lifestyles and their needs are different with a variety of desires and wishes. From this perspective, the study of the characteristics and attitudes of a generations and intergenerational studies is essential for a better understanding of social behaviors and the way in which future social reality is constructed. The present study as a futuristic study explores the images of the future in the minds of female students born in the decade 1990s. The data of this research were obtained through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by qualitative methods of thematic and narrative analysis. The results of the research show that 8 macro narratives create images of the future in the minds of interviewees. These macro narratives are as follows: i) small steps and gradual changes; ii) the transition from traditional to modern life; iii) social without future; iv) color properties; v) Paradise Homeland; vi) Female participation; vii) future without gender and viii) Mother forever. The findings of this paper show that although interviewees, like most young people in the world, are faced with two categories of social disappointment and individualism as negative images of the future; however, 3 narratives include future without gender, acceptance of the role of motherhood and a positive image of Iran's future reflecting the constructive role of women born in the 1370s in the future of the country.
Sociology
Ghasem Zaeri; fatemeh yusefinejad
Abstract
Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term ...
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Abstract The policy of Compulsory "Unveiling" was implemented in January 1936 (Dāy 1314) as the official policy of the First Pahlavi Regime, and accordingly, women were forced to unveil by the police force. In September 1943, during the Second Pahlavi era, the government ordered to eliminate the term "compulsory" in this policy. This article is studying the resistance of social actors, in particular women's agency, to the implementation of this law and will show that in three main periods, from 1927 to 1935, and from 1935 to 1941, and from 1941 to 1943, three different forms of resistance against unveiling has been formed. The beginning of World War II in 1939 and the occupation of Iran by the Allies in 1941 are the most important structural changes that have provided context for action of social actors. The Second Pahlavi required that the clergy (Ulamā) support his monarchy or at least they do not disagree with it. This is another important change that helps the institutional revival of the clergy as an important power in topic of hijab. The article will show that there is no uniform and planned process in confronting women with "Unveiling" whereas this is resulted from the historical and social dispersed forces which provides the context for "Return to Hijab" in 1943. Women pursue a set of strategies against the policy of unveiling such as positive resistance and innovation in clothing design, negative resistance and physical conflict with police officers, immigration, staying at home and social deprivation, as well as petitioning for legal authorities. During the course of this resistance and return, the next discourse of hijab is formed such as "Hijab as Freedom" or the responsibility of the government to promote hijab. The Foucault method of analyzing historical trends, and first-hand documents, and official reports of the police and the Ministry of Interior, and oral history at the aforementioned time periods has been used in this paper.
Management
Amir khanlari; Masoud Keimasi; Mohammad Saleh Torkestani; Iman Yaghoubian
Abstract
The purpose of this study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, the factors are identified that affect the consumer behavior and of cosmetics luxury goods in Iran's market. In the second part, these identified factors are turned into the model of the consumer behavior of luxury cosmetics ...
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The purpose of this study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, the factors are identified that affect the consumer behavior and of cosmetics luxury goods in Iran's market. In the second part, these identified factors are turned into the model of the consumer behavior of luxury cosmetics goods. This study has been conducted using combined method (qualitative and then quantitative method). In the first phase, the data were collected qualitatively through semi-structured deep interviews with consumer focus groups and studied using the theme analysis method. The data were obtained from interviews with 23 subjects. Then, in the second phase using the quantitative method, the questionnaires have been completed by 12 experts of cosmetics industry and turned into a final consumer behavior model using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). In this study, after identifying 12 main categories from the first phase of the study, we achieved four-level model of the consumer behavior using Interpretative Structural Modeling Method (ISM) in the second phase.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalate Sadaty; Hamid Hejazi; Elham Moradi Nezhad
Abstract
Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure ...
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Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure and social deterrence. The theoretical framework of the present research is Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity. This is descriptive-analytic study that has been examined by a standardized questionnaire as the instrument. The population of the research include single women aged 18 and above in Yazd province. Using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated 385 people. We have used multi-stage cluster sampling. Different areas of the city were divided into three parts (north, center, and south), and two blocks from each part was selected as the sample. In order to analyze the data, we have also applied SPSS 16. The results have indicated that tendency toward high risk behavior among women is at the average level. Furthermore, the religious ties of the women are at the average level. There is a reverse and significant relationship between religiosity and high risk behavior (-0.619). The high risk behavior declines as religiosity increases (p=0.000). Also, there is a significant relationship between religiosity (24.126) and marital status (p=0.000). The religiosity of married people is more than that of single people (p=0.000). The analysis of regression indicated that religious attitude affects high risk behaviors with beta coefficient of -0.558. Despite wide social changes, the results of this study confirmed that religion still controls high risk behaviors.
Sociology
Vahid Ghasemi; Somayeh Arab Khorasani; Ali Rabbani Khorasgani
Abstract
Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows ...
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Studies about gender and family institute with recent changes leading to family disruption shows that women are experiencing exiting from shadows and finding new identity. Studying women residents with the history of at least one marriage and divorce in Tehran city based on grounded theory method shows a process that focuses on constructing meaning of marriage and family life. This revealed experience and redefinition of living space and the dimension of new identity. Given the women emotional and sexual demands and development of their social capitals, the women are going to change a one-gender public and private living space. Due to unknown peculiarities and dimensions in one hand and ignorance of men to the changes on the other hand and ultimately lack of common language makes the situation ambiguous for men and women and makes family life confusing and discrete.
Women's Studies
Meimanat Abedini Baltork; Sirus Mansoori
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers to women's promotion in management position in Iranian educational system based on Interpretative Structural Modeling. The research method in present study is to identify the factors for categorizing based on qualitative approach as a case study. ...
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The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers to women's promotion in management position in Iranian educational system based on Interpretative Structural Modeling. The research method in present study is to identify the factors for categorizing based on qualitative approach as a case study. The participants of the study are consisted of faculty members of Iranian Universities and then among them, 13 faculty members were selected as research sample based on purposeful sampling. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, a content validity criterion was used. The questionnaire was originally reviewed by the experts of the women researches after the final amendments. The data collection tool was a self-interactive questionnaire (ISM) and content validity was confirmed by specialists. The results showed that 10 factors are considered as the factors affecting the barriers to women's promotion in managerial positions in Iranian educational system. Also, factor analysis showed that this model has 8 levels ranged from the deepest and most influential to the most surface. The eighth level of the model was the norms based on religious traditionalism that is as the deepest level of the model. The seventh level of the model is dominance of patriarchal culture and also stereotypical attitude toward women's management. The sixth level of the model is the unwritten gender discrimination. The fifth level is dismissal of women's management by employees, and women's inability to deal violently and not risk-taking. The fourth level of the model is the lack of self-confidence and self-esteem of women. The third level is Job conflict with family duties. The second level is the disapproving women's responsibility for management and finally the first level is lack of suitability in employment.
Ecology
Masoud Hadjizadeh Meimandi; Hossein Afrsiabi; Maryam Baharluoei
Abstract
The approach and attitude to water is effective in water treatment. Women are one of the most important agents of water consumption at the household level. In a situation where dehydration has become one of the super-challenges, it is important to know the views of women about this situation. The purpose ...
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The approach and attitude to water is effective in water treatment. Women are one of the most important agents of water consumption at the household level. In a situation where dehydration has become one of the super-challenges, it is important to know the views of women about this situation. The purpose of this study is to explore the experience and interpretation of Isfahan women about water consumption and dehydration. The current research has been coducted by qualitative method; meanwhile, it has used data-based theory for conducting the research and data analysis. In addition, the sampling method is based on purposeful sampling. To obtain validation of the investigation, we used three methods including validation by members, analytical comparison, and external inspection by supervisor and consultant. For data collection, a semi-structured interview has been conducted with 30 women living in the city of Esfahan. After implementing open coding, axial coding and selective coding, 10 main categories and a paradigmatic model have been presented. The achieved strategies are including environmental and natural hazards, and modernization of causes of water scarcity conditions, obsessive-compulsive disorder and social and psychological concerns as the causing conditions, water governance and water consumption technologies, , and awareness and learning. The consequences are also including understanding the danger, being responsible and feeling guilty of unnecessary consumption. Therefore, institutional theory in this research as culture and infrastructure has been provided in the form of a paradigmatic model.
Women's Studies
Amir Soltani Nejad; Adibeh Barshan; Amirsadra Asadi; Maryam Balvardi; Ali Sadei
Abstract
Drug trafficking is one of the complex social problems of the present time. This is the cause of many social injuries and deviations. This phenomenon targets not only individual security but also national security of the community. In this research, the qualitative method has been used to recreate life ...
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Drug trafficking is one of the complex social problems of the present time. This is the cause of many social injuries and deviations. This phenomenon targets not only individual security but also national security of the community. In this research, the qualitative method has been used to recreate life experience of women to identify the causes and areas of their exposure to narcotics trafficking. The research data were obtained from a deep interview with 18 trafficked women in the central prison of Kerman. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling. The results were analyzed using thematic analysis approach. According to the results, the causes of drug trafficking by women can be found in eight main themes: women's situations, economic system problems, weaknesses in coping systems, ecological platforms of the region, family problems, cultural poverty, inferior friends and class contradictions. Therefore, the smuggling of drugs by women is a phenomenon of several causes. The causes and areas of its formation should not be sought only in a person or a particular entity; it is also always a set of cultural, social and environmental factors, family, judicial, law enforcement, and individual causes were the basis of smuggling.
Rural Development
Seyed Ahmad Firouzabadi; Hossein Imani Jajarmi; Hamideh Dabbaghi
Abstract
Nowadays, social entrepreneurship in the form of different organizational structures (profit, non-profit, or combination, charities, cooperatives, joint-stock companies, businesses, unions) creates social value. The cooperatives play an expanding role in the society and the number of women as their ...
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Nowadays, social entrepreneurship in the form of different organizational structures (profit, non-profit, or combination, charities, cooperatives, joint-stock companies, businesses, unions) creates social value. The cooperatives play an expanding role in the society and the number of women as their member is increasing. This research is to investigate whether rural women's cooperatives in Iran, considering they are a combination of both private and public sectors, can be a platform for social entrepreneurship. We have analyzed eight interviews rural women as members of a rural women's cooperative and the text of law about cooperative companies. Moreover, we have applied grounded theory as our method and the MAX QDA as a software to analyze qualitative data. The results of this research show that 438 semantic terms were extracted and categorized into 5 categories of clusters, 16 main themes, and 42 sub-themes. During the establishment of a cooperative in 2011, there have been two kinds of capital-financial facilities, human capital and knowledge. The nature of the created business in the cooperative has addressed rural women as the community and their problems as social problems. Analysis of the social problems shows that this cooperative has initially intended to create job for the entrepreneurs and secondly to solve the local economic problems of women, especially those as the head of the household. The Entrepreneurship Environment in the rural women's cooperatives (Mehr Afarin Eram) consists of four main factors: entrepreneurs, rural women as local community, special aspects in social, cultural, economic and legal contexts, as well as the obstacles against the cooperatives. Strategies of these cooperatives are formed via current strategies like training part, human resource management, financial, production and sales as well as development strategies in the future. Additionally, the achievements and outcomes of the cooperatives shows that Mehr Afarin Eram can empower women, create objective and subjective values, and achieve financial success.
Sociology
Yosra Mahmoodi; Hasan Mohadessi Ghilovaei
Abstract
The current research aims at sociological investigation and understanding of body industry and cosmetic surgeries of women. This research is conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The tool used to collect data was a semi-structured interview. Targeted sampling was used to select ...
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The current research aims at sociological investigation and understanding of body industry and cosmetic surgeries of women. This research is conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The tool used to collect data was a semi-structured interview. Targeted sampling was used to select the interviewees and theoretical sampling was used to identify the number of people. The population under study is women living in Tehran who have experienced cosmetic surgery. The number of examined sample is 27 women aged 20-60 who have experienced cosmetic surgery. Based on the findings, the causal of the research were the fear of being rejected and a negative mental picture of oneself. The desire for beauty and physical expressiveness is the pivotal cause of surgery, which has happened in the context of social values and family conditions. Social constraints, sense of conflict, intervening conditions, promotions and encouragement by others for surgery are the facilitating reasons of this phenomenon. The implications and effects of the body industry, found in this study, are increasing confidence, saving time and economic savings.
