Women's Studies
Hamed Shiri; Yaghoub Ahmadi; Bahar Shariati; Leila Khodavirdi
Abstract
Work and Home: A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences and Narratives of Employed Women on Domestic WorkIntroduction In contemporary societies, gender roles and societal expectations of women have undergone significant changes. One of the most notable transformations is the widespread entry ...
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Work and Home: A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences and Narratives of Employed Women on Domestic WorkIntroduction In contemporary societies, gender roles and societal expectations of women have undergone significant changes. One of the most notable transformations is the widespread entry of women into the labor market and the increase in their employment opportunities. Employed women, in addition to their professional responsibilities, still face traditional expectations of homemaking and family care. This issue gained prominence as a social problem with the publication of the book "The Second Shift" (Hochschild & Machung, 1989) which became a central topic in the sociology of family and gender. The Second Shift refers to the duties and responsibilities women face at home after completing their daily formal work. Research indicates that while the hours women spend on domestic work have decreased in recent years and men’s participation in household tasks - particularly childcare - has increased, women still perform more housework than men in most households, even in those where women earn equal or higher incomes than their spouses (Greenstein, 2000; Tichenor, 2005; Gupta, 2007; Schneider, 2011). In Iran, women have gradually transitioned out of their traditional role as homemakers and entered the labor market. While this transition may improve women’s economic status and quality of life through new opportunities, it also comes with additional responsibilities and challenges. Iranian women tend to carry more responsibility in managing household and family affairs compared to men. Even in families where both spouses are employed, women still dedicate more time to housework (Tabatabai & Mehri, 2019; Maqsudi & Bostan, 2004). The simultaneous performance of professional roles alongside traditional roles as mothers, wives, and homemakers creates challenges in achieving work-life balance and imposes psychological and physical pressures on women. Given these issues, this article aims to qualitatively examine the lived experiences of employed women in managing domestic work responsibilities and their related challenges in the city of Marivan (Kurdistan).Methodology This study adopts a qualitative approach with an interpretive phenomenological framework. The primary technique for data collection was in-depth interviews, combined with the researchers’ prior lived experience and observations. Sampling and sample size determination were carried out using common qualitative methodologies, employing both purposive (prior) sampling and theoretical (progressive) sampling techniques (Flick, 2009). The adequacy of the sample size was based on the principle of theoretical saturation, resulting in the selection of 15 employed women from the public and private sectors in Marivan. Data analysis was performed through interpretive phenomenology using thematic analysis techniques.Findings The findings of the study reveal that "housekeeping as an inescapable responsibility for women" remains a persistent social and cultural norm in society. Cultural pressures and the intergenerational transmission of domestic roles have prevented women, despite their participation in the workforce, from detaching from traditional housekeeping roles. Consequently, employed women inevitably experience a "dual identity" (employee–homemaker), placing them in a continuous cycle of conflicting responsibilities. Even women who have achieved financial independence or live in families with less traditional perspectives still feel that a home requires "feminine warmth" and "female management." The duality of work and home profoundly impacts women's time and energy, leading to significant emotional and psychological strains such as stress, feelings of inadequacy, and even resentment toward certain household duties. The study also highlights the role of cultural and social structures in reinforcing gendered roles. Patriarchal traditions in society continue to define housekeeping as a "natural duty of women." From childhood, men are taught that household tasks are the responsibility of women, leading many men to perceive participation in domestic chores as "beneath their dignity." These roles are reproduced within families and the broader culture, persisting widely even among newer generations. While employed women remain bound to domestic duties under the influence of patriarchal discourse, working outside the home represents a deliberate and autonomous act of resistance for many of them. Employment offers more than financial resources—it becomes a way to challenge structures that confine them to traditional domestic roles. Employment grants women economic independence, empowers them in family decision-making, and enables them to challenge their position as the "sole homemaker." Finally, the "emergence of progressive and egalitarian families" reflects a growing trend that challenges traditional perspectives and fosters a movement toward gender equality. This transformation promises cultures where cooperation and partnership replace traditional gendered divisions of labor, paving the way for more equitable societies. Discussion and Conclusion Achieving improvements in the conditions and status of employed women primarily requires creating a balance between work and life while advancing towards gender equality. This necessitates fundamental changes in cultural, social, and economic structures through gradual steps toward fostering a participatory and egalitarian culture. These changes must extend from micro levels (family and individual) to macro levels (policy-making and public cultural awareness). In the cultural domain, it is imperative to reassess traditional attitudes toward gender roles. Raising public awareness about the benefits of men’s participation in household responsibilities and promoting modern family models through mass media can be an effective step in this direction. In the social domain, there is a need to redefine familial roles and foster active collaboration and participation among family members. Consequently, providing educational opportunities for families, especially for men, regarding the importance of sharing household responsibilities can lead to positive changes. In the economic domain, policies must be designed to provide greater support to working women. Additionally, recognizing the economic value of domestic work and offering benefits and support for homemakers as part of the social workforce can elevate their status in society. The transition towards a participatory and egalitarian culture requires continuous and gradual efforts. Incremental steps such as implementing educational programs, reforming laws and policies, and identifying and encouraging successful models of egalitarian families can gradually undermine patriarchal structures and replace them with a culture of gender justice. These transformations can lead to societies where women and men have equal opportunities for growth, advancement, and a higher quality of life. Achieving such a goal will bring widespread benefits not only to women but to all members of society, as gender equality serves as a foundation for sustainable development and social justice.References Greenstein, T. N. (2000). Economic dependence, gender, and the division of labor in the home: A replication and extension. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62 (2), 322–335.Gupta S. A. (2007). Autonomy, Dependence, or Display? The Relationship between Married Women’s Earnings and Housework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2):399–417Hochschild, A. R., & Machung, A. (1989). The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home. New York, NY: Avon BooksMaqsudi, S., & Bostan, Z. (2004). A study of the challenges arising from the simultaneous roles of homemaking and social obligations among employed women in Kerman. *Women's Studies*, 2(5), 130-156 (In Persian)Schneider. D. (2011). Market Earnings and Household Work: New Tests of Gender Performance Theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(4):845–60Tabatabaei, M.G. & Mehri, N. (2019). Gender Inequality in Unpaid Domestic Housework and Childcare Activities and Its Consequences on Childbearing Decisions: Evidence from Iran. Journal of International Women's Studies, 20(2), 26-42Tichenor, V. J. (2005). Earning more and getting less: Why successful wives can’t buy equality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Women's Studies
Zahra Ghiafeh Davoodi; Ehsan Chitsaz; Maryam Seyfikar Qomi
Abstract
IntroductionWomen’s participation in various social and economic spheres stands as a critical driver of both family well-being and broader societal development. Traditionally, however, many cultural norms have framed women’s roles in starkly dichotomous terms—either they are expected ...
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IntroductionWomen’s participation in various social and economic spheres stands as a critical driver of both family well-being and broader societal development. Traditionally, however, many cultural norms have framed women’s roles in starkly dichotomous terms—either they are expected to be fully devoted to motherhood, or they are to remain continuously active in professional fields. In practice, many new mothers wish to integrate these two roles, aspiring to return to professional or social activities without compromising the well-being of their young children. Yet, they often encounter multiple hurdles, including rigid societal expectations, internalized limiting beliefs, and lack of supportive infrastructures.In response to such challenges, coaching—particularly cognitive-behavioral coaching—has emerged as a promising intervention. Cognitive-behavioral approaches aim to identify, examine, and restructure the limiting thought patterns that impede individual growth, thereby bolstering self-efficacy and confidence. Within this framework, the “Trust Yourself” coaching model offers structured guidance to help new mothers navigate the psychological barriers that frequently undermine their re-entry into social engagement and entrepreneurship. By encouraging participants to reframe negative assumptions, recognize their strengths, and tap into existing support networks, this approach provides practical tools for renewed participation in community and professional arenas.MethodologyThis research employed a quasi-experimental design to investigate whether cognitive-behavioral coaching could reduce limiting beliefs and enhance both social and entrepreneurial engagement among new mothers. The study population comprised mothers with children under the age of three—an interval often associated with heightened challenges related to childcare, work-family balance, and perceptions of social expectations.A targeted recruitment call was circulated within online communities for mothers, and interested individuals completed a screening questionnaire to confirm eligibility. A total of 32 participants met the criteria, having stepped away from regular social and professional activities since giving birth. They were then randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (21 mothers) receiving the “Trust Yourself” coaching intervention, and a control group (11 mothers) receiving only a single introductory session with no subsequent follow-up.• Coaching Intervention (Experimental Group):Over two months, participants in the experimental group attended eight structured virtual coaching sessions grounded in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The sessions focused on helping mothers identify specific limiting beliefs (e.g., “I am no longer capable of running a business now that I have a child”), examine the evidence for and against these beliefs, and replace them with more constructive thought patterns that affirm both their desire and capacity to engage socially and entrepreneurially. The format included group discussions, one-on-one reflections, and goal-setting exercises tied to participants’ personal and professional aspirations.• Control Group:Mothers in the control group took part in a brief, introductory session that broadly covered the idea of coaching but did not involve cognitive-behavioral techniques or ongoing support. This group served as a baseline to assess the efficacy of the coaching program received by the experimental group.To measure changes in social and entrepreneurial engagement, all participants completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires. These covered facets such as willingness to participate in community events, inclination to launch new businesses, the degree of perceived support from friends and family, as well as specific limiting beliefs identified by the participants themselves.Quantitative analyses employed both parametric and non-parametric tests—depending on the distribution of the data—to determine whether statistically significant shifts occurred between the initial baseline and the conclusion of the program. Key tests included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for examining matched pairs of data (especially for limiting beliefs) and t-tests for assessing mean differences in entrepreneurial engagement indicators.FindingsOne of the clearest outcomes was a marked decrease in the intensity of limiting beliefs among mothers in the experimental group. Participants who initially voiced strong doubts about balancing childcare with business pursuits or civic involvement reported a shift toward more positive, empowered perspectives. While the control group showed minimal change in their self-reported limiting beliefs, the experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction. This finding underscores the role of cognitive-behavioral tools in helping mothers revise negative internal dialogues and build confidence.Coaching also led to notable growth in various forms of social engagement. Before the intervention, many participants felt apprehensive about re-entering public or community activities, citing fears of judgment or logistical complications (e.g., managing a child while attending events). By the end of the coaching sessions, however, mothers expressed heightened motivation to volunteer, join community groups, or engage in social projects—ranging from cultural and charitable endeavors to neighborhood improvement committees. This shift highlights how reappraising internal narratives can empower individuals to overcome cultural stigmas and logistical concerns.The study revealed a robust uptick in entrepreneurial intentions and, in some cases, tangible entrepreneurial actions among the experimental group. Mothers who initially felt ill-equipped to launch a business after childbirth started identifying new opportunities, seeking resources, and brainstorming start-up concepts. Some participants reported making tangible progress—such as drafting business plans or networking with potential partners. By contrast, the control group showed little movement in entrepreneurial behavior, suggesting that structured coaching significantly contributed to entrepreneurial re-engagement.ConclusionThis quasi-experimental study affirms the potential of cognitive-behavioral coaching to break through the “invisible barriers” that impede the return of new mothers to social and professional domains. Through structured interventions that uncover and reframe limiting beliefs, mothers gained the confidence and clarity necessary to re-engage with their communities and explore entrepreneurial opportunities. The significant decline in negative mental frameworks within the experimental group is especially notable, highlighting the capacity of coaching to catalyze both attitude shifts and tangible behavior change.Crucially, these findings emphasize the importance of providing new mothers with resources and strategies that honor their dual roles—caregiver and active societal member. While cultural and family expectations can be deeply ingrained, targeted coaching initiatives provide valuable scaffolding that allows women to merge family responsibilities with professional and community objectives. By cultivating confidence, offering skill-building exercises, and establishing a supportive peer network, coaching can pave the way for broader inclusion of mothers in social and economic spheres.The implications extend beyond individual well-being, suggesting that policy-makers, healthcare providers, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) consider integrating coaching programs into existing maternal support services. By doing so, they can facilitate longer-term benefits, including stronger local communities and a more diverse pool of entrepreneurial ventures. Although the present study offers compelling insights, additional research may focus on larger sample sizes, varied cultural contexts, and long-term tracking of outcomes to confirm the durability of the observed improvements.
Women's Studies
behrouz sadeghi amroabadi; amir montazerhojat; sajjad bahmani; ahmad salahmansesh; Faezeh Amraii
Abstract
The contribution of cooperation in removing the deprivation of female heads of the household with a future research approachAbstract IntroductionTaking advantage of endogenous capacities such as cooperatives, which are able to increase the capacity of men and women heads of households, as an important ...
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The contribution of cooperation in removing the deprivation of female heads of the household with a future research approachAbstract IntroductionTaking advantage of endogenous capacities such as cooperatives, which are able to increase the capacity of men and women heads of households, as an important part of deprivation in Khuzestan province, through sharing efforts, has long been parallel and as a helper of the government. In the field of deprivation removal and poverty reduction, it has been the attention of planners and policy makers. Therefore, considering that currently, in line with the general policies of social security, there is a serious effort among the executive bodies in creating employment and eliminating unemployment and moving towards justice-centered and deprivation removal, it is necessary to use the potential capacities of the cooperative sector. In order to achieve fair economic growth, he used it appropriately. One of the approaches to achieve this goal is the development of cooperative companies in the path of deprivation. Taking advantage of endogenous capacities such as cooperatives, which are able to increase the capacity of men and women who are heads of households as an important part of deprivation in Khuzestan province through sharing efforts, has long been parallel and as a helper of the government. In the field of deprivation removal and poverty reduction, it has been the attention of planners and policy makers; As Birchall (1997) considers cooperatives as one of the most important non-governmental organizations, their success and benefits in poverty reduction programs are realized through members' self-help and their special privileges; Also, ILO emphasized the promotion of cooperatives and their role in reducing poverty. Based on this, the present research aims to identify the key drivers and existing uncertainties, and investigate the possible scenarios in the path of the transformation of cooperative companies for the elimination of women's deprivation in the coming years. Based on this, in line with the issues raised, the main question of this research is: What are the most important strategies for the development of cooperative companies in the path of depriving female heads of households in Khuzestan province?MethodologyIn this research, according to the research topic, a combined method was used. At first, based on library studies, the factors affecting the exclusion of female guardians from the path of cooperatives were collected, and then it was completed by asking experts. This study was carried out with the future research approach and scenario creation method using scenario wizard software. The interviewers and experts of the study were 40 economic, social and executive and university management experts as well as managers of women's cooperative companies in Khuzestan province in 1403. The interview with the experts continues until it reaches the degree of saturation and the conversations and factors are repeated. Then, after collecting the questionnaires, Mic Mac software was used to extract the main factors influencing the disenfranchisement of women with cooperatives. The results obtained from the analysis of the matrix and how the variables are distributed in the diagram (around the diameter) indicate that the factors have a large and scattered effect on each other and therefore the system is unstable. On the other hand, the matrix is based on statistical indicators with 2 The rotation load and 96% of filling have 100% desirability and optimization, which shows the high validity of the matrix and its answers Cooperation, educational and insurance infrastructures, ethnic culture, education level, macroeconomic situation) were placed as strategic variables in the first area of the scatter map. Then, in order to create a scenario, expert experts were asked for their opinions at this stage, and by summarizing them, 12 possible situations were defined for the above 5 key factors. The considered situations for each factor were similar to other factors and covered a range of unfavorable to favorable situations. After determining the key variables, different predictable states for the future of these key variables are determined. The considered situations for each factor were similar to other factors and covered a range of unfavorable to favorable situations.DiscussionThe results of this study, using a futures research method, provide a comprehensive picture of the potential future of cooperatives in eliminating the deprivation of women heads of households in Khuzestan Province. The scenarios derived from the opinions of experts show that the success of this strategy is closely related to several factors. Based on the existing scenarios, the desirable scenarios focus on the important role of comprehensive support for the cooperative sector at the macroeconomic level and emphasize the expansion of support infrastructure (education, insurance, tax and legal facilities), women's empowerment by increasing the level of education and access to technology, and improving macroeconomic conditions (economic growth increases, inflation decreases, and sanctions are lifted). In contrast, the critical scenario indicates the risks arising from ignoring these factors and the spread of cultural and economic barriers. The static scenario also points out that maintaining the status quo, without making fundamental changes in infrastructure and approaches, cannot lead to a significant improvement in the situation of women heads of households. Thus, advancing a proactive and forward-looking strategy, targeting key elements identified in the desired scenarios, is essential to achieving development goals at this stage. Overall, the present study shows that the development of cooperatives can play an important role in alleviating the deprivation of female heads of households, but this requires comprehensive planning and attention to multiple factors. Support from the government and relevant institutions for the cooperative sector, improving support infrastructure, empowering women through education and facilitating access to technology, and improving macroeconomic conditions are all key factors that should be considered in policymaking.Conclusion:The results of the study show that comprehensive support for the cooperative sector in the macroeconomic and the opinion of the authorities, strengthening and supporting cooperatives through infrastructure, supporting a development-oriented culture, increasing the efficiency of women's cooperatives, and improving the development of macroeconomic conditions are among the most important strategies for the cooperative sector in the path of eliminating the deprivation of female heads of households in Iran. These results are consistent with the studies of Thorp et al. (2005), Kwapong & Hanisch (2013), and Abbaskhah et al. (2021). In other words, consistent with previous theories and studies, this study shows that the most important features of the scenarios in this study are strengthening attention to the cooperative sector in the economy and the opinion of the authorities, increasing support through educational infrastructure and the presence of women, paying attention to cultural issues appropriate to development in the field of women's work, and improving the level of women's education.For future studies, it is suggested that, using statistical data and time series or panel econometric methods, the status of women's cooperatives and its relationship with welfare and economic indicators at the provincial level or in developing countries be examined.Key words: cooperation, poverty, Deprivation, women, Futurology
Women's Studies
Nasibeh Esmaeili; Hajieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad
Abstract
The division of gender roles within households has been identified as a critical factor influencing fertility decisions and behaviors, as evidenced by the decline in fertility rates below the replacement level. The objective of this paper is to investigate and anticipate the impact of the division ...
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The division of gender roles within households has been identified as a critical factor influencing fertility decisions and behaviors, as evidenced by the decline in fertility rates below the replacement level. The objective of this paper is to investigate and anticipate the impact of the division of gender roles in households on the reproductive behavior of women in Tehran province using agent-based modeling (ABM) tools. Data from the 2017 Iran Fertility Transition Survey (IFTS) has been utilized for this purpose. The simulation results suggest that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Tehran province will decrease to 1.06 children by 2029, with a projected precipitous decline in fertility rates over the next decade. Furthermore, the AnyLogic software was employed to implement scenarios that examined the consequences of both reducing and increasing men's involvement in domestic work division. According to these simulations, if male participation decreases by 15%, the TFR could fall to 1.03 children. Conversely, if male participation increases by 15%, the TFR could rise to 1.09 children by 2029. Based on these findings, the recommendations section underscores the necessity for family-friendly policies that prioritize cultural and social values that encourage males to participate in household responsibilities. The objective of this method is to mitigate gender inequality and establish an environment that is conducive to the growth of fertility rates.
Women's Studies
Marzieh Shakeri HosseinAbad; Zahra Nasrollahi
Abstract
Suicide is a public health concern. The family and society are impacted by the consequences of suicide, despite the fact that it is committed by an individual. Therefore, considering the importance of this phenomenon, researchers have endeavored to investigate factors affecting suicide from various the ...
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Suicide is a public health concern. The family and society are impacted by the consequences of suicide, despite the fact that it is committed by an individual. Therefore, considering the importance of this phenomenon, researchers have endeavored to investigate factors affecting suicide from various the economic and social aspects. While previous research has investigated the impact of a variety of variables on suicide, researchers in Iran have neglected to consider the effect of women’s relative position in various fields with the interpretation of gender equality. According to the available literature, this phenomenon can affect suicide. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to examine the factors that contribute to suicide, with an emphasis on the women’s position compared to men in the education and labor market sectors from 2016 to 2022. In the provinces, the results of this research indicate that the ratio of women to men students has a positive and significant impact on suicide. However, the ratio of women’s economic participation to men due to factors such as increased access to resources for the family and reduced financial stress has a negative and significant impact on suicide. The findings indicate the importance of policymakers’ attention to women’s position in various fields, including education and the labor market.
Women's Studies
Chnour Enayatzadeh; Marzieh Mousavi Khameneh; Yaghoob Mousavi
Abstract
In researching urban space research, it is important to take into account not only the space itself but also the individuals who use it and their actual behaviors. The current study concentrates on the women of Saqqez city in order to illustrate the experiences of women in public spaces and the manner ...
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In researching urban space research, it is important to take into account not only the space itself but also the individuals who use it and their actual behaviors. The current study concentrates on the women of Saqqez city in order to illustrate the experiences of women in public spaces and the manner in which they utilize and negotiate these spaces within gender, class, and socio-spatial hierarchies. The phenomenological approach was selected to provide a more detailed and in-depth report of individuals' experiences, as one of the numerous qualitative research approaches to investigate women's lived experiences of urban public spaces. This research examined women who resided in Saqqez city and had encountered public spaces. Purposive sampling is the sampling method employed in phenomenology, which involves the selection of individuals who possess knowledge of the pertinent phenomena to facilitate the comprehension of the actual experiences of women in the public context. The descriptive phenomenological method of Collaizi was employed to analyze the research data, which was expanded to include 20 participants. The results of the study are presented in the following seven themes: “Public-Private Space Interaction,” “Spatial Boundaries,” “From Necessity to the Pleasure of Presence,” “Spatial Inclusion and Exclusion,” “From Presence Stereotypes to Spatial Resistance,” and “Sense of Place.” The 19 thematic categories that comprised “perception of the city and the ideal female model” were comprehensively described.
Women's Studies
Maryam Ahmadinejad; Elahe Marandi
Abstract
Despite the accepted fact that the ideal family, as the foundation and main cell of society, has a direct impact on the progress of society, today, we are confronted with significant threats to the foundation of the family as a result of the disparity between the performance of certain societies and ...
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Despite the accepted fact that the ideal family, as the foundation and main cell of society, has a direct impact on the progress of society, today, we are confronted with significant threats to the foundation of the family as a result of the disparity between the performance of certain societies and moral-religious traditions. A hazard that has been significantly de-stigmatized in recent years is the unconventional and unnatural sexual tendencies of individuals toward their own sex. We have observed that numerous international authorities in their jurisprudence do not exhibit discrimination or inequality toward civil institutions that are established based on unconventional sexual tendencies, despite the strong and emphatic prohibition of religions, particularly Islam, against unconventional sexual tendencies. They equate these institutions with the sacred institution of the family. This unnatural perspective has had such a profound impact on them that, in addition to eliminating historical punishments for this immoral activity, they have criminalized opposition to homosexuality as hatred. This has advanced to the extent that certain countries have even acknowledged “marriage,” a term that is historically and naturally associated with relationships between men and women, for relationships that are based on aberrant sexual tendencies. This is despite the fact that homosexuality, or unconventional and unnatural sexual tendencies, has been regarded as ugly, disgusting, and unnatural throughout history. In Islamic teachings, it is also referred to as prostitution and is considered one of the major sins that has been assigned the most severe punitive measures.
Women's Studies
Amir Asgari; Sahebeh Masoudi; Maedeh Taghizadeh Tabarsi
Abstract
Women's empowerment is a critical topic included in a wide range of programs and policies of various institutions worldwide. Despite this, research in cognitive sciences, particularly regarding cognition and cognitive abilities, has often been overlooked in many of these policies. This research aims ...
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Women's empowerment is a critical topic included in a wide range of programs and policies of various institutions worldwide. Despite this, research in cognitive sciences, particularly regarding cognition and cognitive abilities, has often been overlooked in many of these policies. This research aims to bridge this gap by providing a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies. It employs a two-step method comprising a scoping review and content analysis. The study's findings include 18 key elements of women's empowerment derived from cognitive studies and a conceptual framework. These results can guide experts, researchers, and policymakers interested in empowerment, governance, and women's issues in their decision-making processes. Additionally, this research advocates for the creation of a network of related concepts, facilitating collaboration and knowledge sharing.The significance of this study extends to applied research, aiming to connect different fields of governance and cognitive science. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing complex issues and identifies conceptual gaps that can inspire further research. By doing so, it opens new pathways for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, offering a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between cognitive sciences and women's empowerment. This comprehensive approach not only enriches the academic discourse but also has practical implications for policy and governance, ultimately contributing to more effective and inclusive empowerment strategies.
Women's Studies
Zahra Sadat Mirhashemi
Abstract
In Islamic jurisprudence, domestic labor performed by women is not considered obligatory; therefore, the law grants them the right to demand compensation for their services.However, traditional culture disregards the rights of women; thus, the present study seeks to elucidate the impact and correlation ...
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In Islamic jurisprudence, domestic labor performed by women is not considered obligatory; therefore, the law grants them the right to demand compensation for their services.However, traditional culture disregards the rights of women; thus, the present study seeks to elucidate the impact and correlation between policy formulation to enforce the decree regarding the remuneration of female housewives, the enhancement of family strength, and the resolution of practical challenges pertaining to women's rights. The research employs a descriptive approach and utilizes documentary study methodology. Its findings suggest that the inadequate remuneration and status of women housewives in traditional society contribute significantly to various challenges, including discouragement from participating in economic endeavors beyond the household and a decline in the fertility rate. However, these issues can be mitigated through the judicious implementation of the policy derived from the right to demand wages that the Islamic legislator has incorporated. The housewife is a preventative measure that grants women financial security and independence, while also encouraging them to devote more time to their families and childrearing. Consequently, in light of population growth and the family-oriented development model, it is critical to contemplate the suitable framework and cultural basis for the complete adoption of the adage “housewife wage.”
Women's Studies
Abolhasan Aminmoghaddasi; Ali Afzali; narges bigdeli
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, the intellectual endeavors of women have introduced fresh insights into the realm of human knowledge and sparked numerous significant inquiries. Feminist criticism scrutinizes the position of women along two dimensions: the authorial persona (the depiction of women in literary ...
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Over the past two centuries, the intellectual endeavors of women have introduced fresh insights into the realm of human knowledge and sparked numerous significant inquiries. Feminist criticism scrutinizes the position of women along two dimensions: the authorial persona (the depiction of women in literary works) and the constructed persona (the representation of women in the works of authors). The protagonist of al-Tawaf Hayat al-Jamar, which is regarded as the first female novel in Oman, is a victim of men in life (patriarchal system of prejudices and traditions). Through a deconstructive lens, this modernist novel attempts to call into question the dichotomy that exists between men and women. Consequently, the female protagonist perceives her status and sense of self as outcomes of the patriarchal social structures established by males and male authority. The present study employed the analytical descriptive method to examine the three axes of imitation, protest, and self-discovery as they pertain to the protagonist of the novel. The research findings indicate that the novel's feminist nature is primarily influenced by elements such as protest, self-expression, violence, the repression of feminine inclinations, and the breaking of taboos. However, it is worth noting that the novel also exhibits signs of self-awareness. However, through the author's decision to isolate the hero, he is prevented from reaching the critical juncture of self-exploration and developing a distinct identity, which is devoid of imitation and opposition.
Women's Studies
Faeze Zamanian; Majid Vesalinaseh; Elham Forouzandeh
Abstract
The objective of this research was to examine the manner in which exceptional female soccer players navigate the intersection of their feminine and athletic personas both within and beyond the realm of athletics. Phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research procedure, was employed in this investigation. ...
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The objective of this research was to examine the manner in which exceptional female soccer players navigate the intersection of their feminine and athletic personas both within and beyond the realm of athletics. Phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research procedure, was employed in this investigation. In order to collect data, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was carried out with eight female soccer players aged 19-27 who were members of the Iranian Super League. Utilizing the theoretical sampling procedure, data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Following recording, each interview was transcribed by hand, line by line. Analysis of findings was conducted both during and subsequent to data collection. Certain participants held the perception that their feminine and athletic personas were harmonious in social and athletic settings. As reported by other participants, athleticism and femininity are diametrically opposed. Three overarching experiences are employed to address this incompatibility. 1. disclosing their feminine identities in social contexts and their athletic identities in sports contexts. 2.emphasizing the feminine characteristic in both settings. 3. emphasizing the athletic brand in both contexts. To alleviate the negative tensions and pressures caused by this conflict, female soccer players manage their feminine or athletic identities through appearance and body management, including apparel, makeup, hair and body manipulation, behavior, tone of voice, and gender role tasks. Perceptions of the (in)congruence between the athletic and feminine identities of female soccer players and the type of body management they employed were found to overlap.
Women's Studies
moslem taheri; atefeh andarza
Abstract
The Qur'an, serving as the primary source of guidance for Muslims, offers a comprehensive framework that safeguards the rights of mothers and provides counsel on a multitude of facets pertaining to the lives of mothers. The 21st principle underscores the government's responsibility to ensure women's ...
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The Qur'an, serving as the primary source of guidance for Muslims, offers a comprehensive framework that safeguards the rights of mothers and provides counsel on a multitude of facets pertaining to the lives of mothers. The 21st principle underscores the government's responsibility to ensure women's rights in accordance with Islamic principles. This includes providing assistance to mothers, particularly during pregnancy and child custody matters, and appointing guardianship of children to deserving mothers as compensation for their envy in the event of Although it was not, it is nonetheless regarded as Shari'i.Consequently, the right to custody is governed by Article 1169 BC, Article 946 BC governs the right to the mother's inheritance, and Article 1107 BC governs the right to the mother's alimony. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the Quranic underpinnings of maternal rights from a social perspective, in accordance with clause 2 of Article 21 of the Constitution. Consequently, the objective of this article is to analyze the Quranic underpinnings of certain societal rights pertaining to mothers, as explicated in the Quran and the Iranian legal system in a thoroughly documented and argued fashion. Through an analysis of the Qur'anic verses in conjunction with Clause 2, Article 21 of the Constitution concerning the social rights of the mother, it was determined that these rights are consistent with the principles outlined in the Quran.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Reza Ghaeminik; Hoda Mostafaei
Abstract
The implementation of development programs of the second Pahlavi is analyzed from an economic or political view, while they are implied in the field of culture. The Iranian woman's identity has undergone changes under the influence of these cultural development policies. In this article, we study the ...
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The implementation of development programs of the second Pahlavi is analyzed from an economic or political view, while they are implied in the field of culture. The Iranian woman's identity has undergone changes under the influence of these cultural development policies. In this article, we study the representation of female identity in the movies of this period with the aim of investigating the changes of that. Considering that this representation was made under the programs of capitalist development, the theoretical framework of Adorno and Horkheimer's cultural industry from the Frankfurt school was used to critically show the representation of the implications of capitalist development on the cultural industry in the cinema of this period. In accordance with the framework of the Frankfurt school, the critical discourse analysis method of Laclau and Mouffe was used to identify the discursive changes of this representation in different periods of production and distribution of cinematographic works. Based on the findings of the research, four discourses have been identified from the beginning of the second Pahlavi period to 1327, the implementation of the construction program (1327-1343), the Ministry of Mehrdad Pahlabad (1343 to 1357) and the emerging discourse of the "new wave of Iranian cinema" (1340-1357). The analysis of these discourses shows that the representation of female identity in the cinema of this period has gradually changed from the traditional veiled identity to a more naked western identity, and the latter identity has been represented as the identity of the progressive and developed class.
Women's Studies
Sahar Tabrizi; Golamreza Tabrizikahou; Maliheh Boroumand Mahmoudabadi
Abstract
As the percentage of women assuming the role of household leaders rises, there is a prevailing consensus to lend them support. Determining their experience of social support phenomenologically is the objective of the present study. The investigation utilized the phenomenological method. In 1400, twenty-one ...
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As the percentage of women assuming the role of household leaders rises, there is a prevailing consensus to lend them support. Determining their experience of social support phenomenologically is the objective of the present study. The investigation utilized the phenomenological method. In 1400, twenty-one female heads of household in Mashhad participated in semi-structured interviews; the resulting data were subsequently analyzed using MAXQDA software. Three entities provide assistance to female heads of household: family, friends, and governmental organizations. Often, family support is both financial and emotional. Companionship and friends offer practical, financial, and emotional assistance, while governmental bodies and organizations prioritize monetary support. However, these assistance programs—consisting primarily of low-interest loans—will contribute to the perpetuation of poverty if not accompanied by policies that target and alleviate poverty. Widows initially require emotional support before progressing to requiring financial, material, and informational resources. Following financial support, divorced women require emotional support. Financial, informational, instrumental, and emotional autonomy are all essential for single women. Because mistrust, particularly towards men, constitutes the foundation of each of these women's living space, conformity and aloofness serve as the primary tenets of their social connections. The findings revealed that female heads of household encounter numerous obstacles in their personal and social spheres, necessitating assistance. Nevertheless, policymakers must be concerned with the manner in which these supports are delivered in order to prevent it from becoming a "social issue" and to mitigate social harm.
Women's Studies
Hossein Moshkabadi Mohajer; Zeinab Moshkabadi Mohajer
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men.
The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. ...
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This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men.
The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the regressions related to the status of income, savings, and employment. The investigation encompasses a statistical population of 1093 individuals, of which 523 are women and 570 are men at the 95% confidence level, the results of the regression analysis indicate that households with more members, tenants, and older individuals have all experienced a decline in income and savings, with males being disproportionately affected. Enhancing socioeconomic status, education, and income class has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of Corona. Specifically, women experience a greater reduction in damage than males in this regard. Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were disproportionately impacted by Corona than government and salaried positions. Given the significance of employment in both the public and private sectors within Iranian society, it was deliberated in this domain. In this regard, females have incurred a greater number of occupational injuries and losses than males. Hence, it can be asserted that employed women hold occupations that are more precarious in nature compared to employed men, and in times of emergencies such as the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, they will endure a greater degree of occupational harm.
Women's Studies
Mahnaz Farahmand; Somaieh Saadatifar; Fatemeh Danafar
Abstract
Children are the most vulnerable groups in society, and their adult standing is profoundly influenced by their formative experiences, mindset, and quality of interactions.The aim of the current research is to investigate the lived experiences of the childhood of imprisoned women and its continuation ...
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Children are the most vulnerable groups in society, and their adult standing is profoundly influenced by their formative experiences, mindset, and quality of interactions.The aim of the current research is to investigate the lived experiences of the childhood of imprisoned women and its continuation in their current situation. This research is a qualitative study and has been conducted using hermeneutic phenomenology method.The data of the study was collected using the theoretical sampling method with 25 women prisoners in the city of Karaj, with in-depth interviews, and finally, the collected data were encoded and analyzed in the form of 6 main themes and 24 sub-themes.The results of the research show that the experiences of insecurity, regret and failure, homelessness and lack of family support are among the adverse childhood experiences of imprisoned women.The interpretation of the imprisoned women from their childhood is as a dangerous life world, which continues in adulthood with the continuation of mental turmoil, stress and aggression, the continuation of childhood actions, delinquency and connection with the networks of deviation, the continuation of a tense family, incompatibility with the spouse and the absence of maternal affection.They believe that, like other children, they have not been able to use their capacities and have been abused by their parents and close friends. According to them, the prison and the violation of their adulthood is the continuation and repetition of their childhood violations. Finally, it is suggested to provide the necessary training by the responsible organizations, including mass media, family support centers, counseling, etc., in order to improve the mental health, increase awareness, and improve the performance of imprisoned women.
Women's Studies
Parvaneh Alaie; Maryam Hokmabadi Goshuni
Abstract
In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in 2019. The limitation of screening is mentioned in this project. The purpose of this ...
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In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in 2019. The limitation of screening is mentioned in this project. The purpose of this research is to identify the individual-social considerations of eliminating the screening of pregnant mothers before the birth of a child. The method is qualitative and its approach is phenomenology. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with mothers who have a disabled child and who visited the rehabilitation center for speech therapy and occupational therapy classes. The data were classified into two groups, individual and social. Individual issues include educational problems, lack of information and ignorance, feelings and emotions, communication issues. The social part includes social labeling and social support. As a result the presence of a sick child in the family has many effects on all aspects of the life of the family members, especially the mother. It is hoped that the results can be effective in reducing public concerns in such a way that policies related to population increase work more successfully and The psycho-social challenges of the screening of pregnant mothers before the birth of the child should be better answered. In the end, the efforts made will be reflected in the increase of healthy population, Until the correct legislation is realized in line with the interests of the nation and the government.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalateh Sadati; Fatemeh Adelkhah; Faezeh Shamsaddin Qotrom
Abstract
Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. ...
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Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. In the absence of mothers, daughters of Single Fathers have several problems. They don’t have a clue and a pattern of female for a successful passage through puberty. The main question of the current research is to explore the experience of puberty among daughters of Single Fathers. For this purpose, the challenges of the health behaviors of these groups’ daughters during menstruation, their understanding of puberty and their experience about the subject were also studied under the main objective. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2022-2023 in Yazd. The participants are 10 girls aged 13-16 from Yazd who have lived with their father for more than 6 months. Sampling was done purposefully in schools. The participants cooperated with us voluntarily, in order to achieve maximum diversity, the samples were selected from different schools. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews in the teachers’ room. Using thematic analysis method for data analysis. Using the theme analysis method, the patterns and themes in the qualitative data were identified. The explored themes of the research showed that puberty and its experience among the daughters under fathers’ custody is a masculine thing which is related to the way the father behaves. The experience of puberty is closely related to the father's behavior. This means that the father's attitude and behavior in this field can bring different experiences for the participants. Fathers who try to understand the issue correctly and accept it and are in line to support their daughter, help a lot to accept the issue in their youth. Unlike those fathers who are indifferent to the issue and neglect it, he has turned puberty into a problematic phenomenon in which the girl experiences a sense of shame and secrecy, and in some cases, a decrease in self-confidence and disgust from this natural phenomenon. The three themes which explored are: supportive father, neglectful father and problematic puberty. The experience of puberty among girls with fathers’ custody is more related to the father's point of view and the role of fatherhood. This shows that in these cases puberty experience is more social than biological. In fact, the girl's puberty experience is a social, masculine and paternal thing that is related with social and cultural values. The problematization of puberty and menstruation in families where the mother is not present and the society is taboo is more, which is the result of lack of knowledge about the natural mechanism of the body, necessary care during menstruation, etc. It is suggested that due to the expansion of single-parent families especially fathers, education about puberty and menstrual health should be promoted in schools, educational booklets for girls and fathers about menstruation should be published, and open and honest communication between fathers and daughters should be encouraged.
Women's Studies
Hamideh Dabbaghi; Kosar Mohammadi; Somayeh Jamshidi
Abstract
The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic ...
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The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic contexts have always influenced the relationships and interactions between men and women and their gender roles in the family. They have regulated the relationships between them throughout the history of family development. This paper describes the women's experience of domestic labor division with their husbands in the family. In addition, analytical concepts such as gender equality in the division of domestic labor, economic dependency, and gender deviation neutralization (in gender roles) under the theory of relative resources have been used. Also, the thematic analysis method and semi-structured interviews with 15 women, including employed women and housewives in the age groups of 20 to 60 years used in this paper. Then interviews were analyzed by Max QDA 2018 software to extract the relationship pattern of couples in the division of domestic labor. The findings indicate the extraction of 2 main themes of non-participation in the division of domestic labor and participation in the division of domestic labor, seven sub-themes including stubborn femininity, hegemonic masculinity, favorable or unfavorable obvious challenge, economic triangulation, passive/hidden resistance, gradual participation of men. and equality in relations, and 228 concepts. stubborn femininity or hidden feminism theme refers to the power and dominance of women in the family. The second theme refers to self-sufficiency because of absence of a man at home, the man's imprisonment, the man's incapacity, or the death of a man are forced to take care of and breadwinner. In relationships based on persuasion, women accept more tasks because of some reasonable evaluation of men’s function during other areas. The economic triangulation of women is a form of the relationship between men and women when they are equal in strength and power. Women’s hidden and passive resistance gradually causes men to participate in household chores. In gradual participation, men learn to participate in household chores through socialization from the group of relatives and friends and the assignment of partial and incremental tasks from the woman to the man. The last theme of couples' relationships is based on the understanding or extensive participation of men and women in household chores which ends to equal involvement. Both men and women try to participate intellectually, emotionally, psychologically, and behaviorally and experience gender roles as much as possible. The variety of types introduced in the Iranian family shows the change and evolution in the traditional Iranian society and the agency and rethinking by women in gender roles and the division of conventional domestic work.However, regarding the causes and contexts of the formation of this ideal relationship between the studied couples, it is not possible to refer to foreign studies and the experiences of women in other countries, such as Eastern European countries and France, which are based on egalitarian ideas through the promotion of women's participation in the workforce or countries with family policies such as Norway and gender ideology, he said. Instead, the ethnic, cultural, and social diversity under the macro-policy strategies in the field of the Iranian family under Islamic thought and influenced by the characteristic of collectivism in the Iranian culture creates a different experience for Iranian women and can be a debatable issue in future studies. But what can be accepted without a doubt is that Iranian women are entering a process of rethinking the division of work and power in the family and the beginning of the process of redistributing family responsibilities.
Women's Studies
Atefeh Rahmani; Mohsen Badreh; Zahra Mirhosseini
Abstract
Suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its sub-communities, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. For several ...
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Suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its sub-communities, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. For several years, the significant number of suicides and especially women's self-immolations in the Dishmuk region of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces has been widely reflected in the media. This research sought to study and investigate suicide in this rural-nomadic area by using the qualitative method of phenomenology in Georgi's style and using semi-structured interviews. The research sample is purposeful and consists of people who have had an unsuccessful suicide or one of their relatives has committed suicide leading to death. In understanding the interviewees' perceptions of the causes and contexts of suicide attempts in this region, the researchers divided them into five main categories: 1) lack of knowledge and life management skills; 2) lack of satisfaction with private life; 3) reaching a feeling of dead end and getting stuck in social life; and 5) the personal aspects and the superficiality of some religious beliefs have been reached, each of which has been separated into more detailed concepts in the findings section and documented with quotes from the interviewees. Finally, these categories are compared with some of the theoretical literature on suicide, and the authors provide suggestions for suicide prevention.
Women's Studies
Hadieh Parhizkar; Azar Alimohammadi; Sediqeh Tahereh Asadzadeh; Maryam Hashempour Sadeghian
Abstract
The purpose of the current research is to review and analyze the qualitative studies conducted in the field of abused women. In this regard, all scientific-research articles with the keyword "poor-Supported women" in the time period of 2005 to 2000 were extracted from the academic-scientific database ...
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The purpose of the current research is to review and analyze the qualitative studies conducted in the field of abused women. In this regard, all scientific-research articles with the keyword "poor-Supported women" in the time period of 2005 to 2000 were extracted from the academic-scientific database of Jihad University and the Normagz document database. In the following, 34 articles were selected for data extraction and further investigation and were studied by documentary, library and meta-analysis methods. Based on the findings of the current research, the studies conducted in this field include two main orientations of psychology and sociology; So that other aspects of the life of this group of women, including economic and political, are examined under these two categories. A group of these studies analyzed theoretically and presented models to identify the problems of poor-Supported women in order to reduce their problems using intervention methods, and another group focused on strengthening the morale and creating a positive image in poor-Supported women through increasing positive views from an empirical point of view. The findings of this study in two aspects of psychology and sociology show that these women need psychological, social and economic support and empowering them in the mentioned dimensions will improve their quality of life and reduce their social suffering. Based on the theoretical achievements of this research, it seems that the policy makers should revise the laws and social rulings related to these women based on a comprehensive definition of abused women.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Reihani; Shahram Abdi
Abstract
This study aimed to design a strategic plan for championship women's sports development in North Khorasan province. The present study was applied in terms of descriptive-survey research method in terms of purpose and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of data collection. The statistical population ...
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This study aimed to design a strategic plan for championship women's sports development in North Khorasan province. The present study was applied in terms of descriptive-survey research method in terms of purpose and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of data collection. The statistical population in the qualitative and quantitative part included the managers, deputies and experts (general sports and youth department of North Khorasan province, sports and youth department of Bojnord city, sports association of the province and sports clubs of the province) university professors in sport sciences of the province, championship sports coaches and female champion athletes of North Khorasan province. The statistical sample consisted of 14 members in the qualitative section and 23 members in the quantitative section. The sampling method in the qualitative and quantitative sections was purposeful. To collect data, a semi-guided exploratory interview method and a questionnaire were developed to obtain strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and to prioritize the developed strategies and statistical analysis from a framework called the Model Strategy Development Framework, SWOT-ANP model used. The results showed that the championship sport of the province women has 9 strengths, 16 weaknesses, 11 opportunities and 13 threats and a total of 17 strategies; competitive strategy was dominated strategy in this research.The most important strategy in the development of championship sports for the women of North Khorasan province is developing guidance and support programs for the development of women athletes from beginner to advanced, and it is suggested that the officials and custodians of sports in the province should pay special attention to the strategies obtained from this research.
Women's Studies
Fariba Alasvand
Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization ...
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The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate., the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.
Women's Studies
Nasimosadat Mahbobi Sharyat Panahi; Mahdie Mohammad taghizade
Abstract
Nowadays, social development is a concept of great importance for social theorists. One of the key indicators of development is the amount of active participation of non - governmental organizations due to the fact that one of their significant roles is to take care of quality of life of all people. ...
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Nowadays, social development is a concept of great importance for social theorists. One of the key indicators of development is the amount of active participation of non - governmental organizations due to the fact that one of their significant roles is to take care of quality of life of all people. Regarding this, social development of nations depends on non - governmental organizations ’s participation in advocacy of rights of social groups and deprived individuals. Given that social support for families at risk of social damage has been related to individuals’ responsibility and accountability on one hand and social rights of individuals on the other hand. Based on this perspective non - governmental organization’s participation and studying their challenges can facilitate supporting these families. So, this paper as a qualitative study scrutinizes non - governmental organization’s participation in realization of social support for vulnerable families. This study was carried out with qualitative Approach with Content Analysis Method. In the present study, samples were selected using target sampling. For this method shows the selection is purposeful and crucialFor this purpose, 20 women working in the women's social sector were selected through targeted sampling from 50 women based in Tehran working in this field. The first list of all non - governmental organizations was received from the Vice President for Women and Family. Therefore, 20 women working in the women's social field were selected through targeted sampling among 50 women working in this field based in Tehran. In total, according to the elaboration and acceptance of the interview, 10 non - governmental organizations were analyzed in the research, the interviews continued until information saturation, up to more interviews did not give the researcher any new information and did not suggest a new category. It was important that women were represented in the samples as voluntary participation in the area of family and injury is generally welcomed by women and women play a more important role in this matter. From this point of view, being a female was an important indicator for the research to obtain data from the highest participation group.The main question of the present study is, what are the challenges in the participation of the non - governmental organizations in the access of families to social services? The repetition frequency was also compiled based on the repetition in the interviews for each finding. The highest frequency of repetition in intra-organizational challenges included economic problems, managerial weakness, and unfamiliarity with members' cooperative work coordinates, respectively, and the lowest frequency was dedicated to insufficient awareness, knowledge, and expertise in the field of vulnerable families. Also, the highest frequency of repetition in extra-organizational challenges, respectively, includes a charitable perception of the activity of non - governmental organizations and a political perception of the activity of non - governmental organizations in the field of damage, and the lowest frequency of repetition in extra-organizational challenges is simultaneously due to the weakness of networking in non - governmental organizations and lack of transparency. It has a legal structure.The results of the research emphasize that it should be noted that the participation of farmers cannot be seen only in a linear spectrum of zero and one, but based on the type and manner of their activity, the amount of their participation should be based on a spectrum with two ends from passive participation to active participation.From this point of view, the activity of non - governmental organizations will be defined from an active participation to a passive participation, and in between, there will be semi-active and without any doubt semi-passive, etc. Also, the findings of the research indicate that in the field of education, the activity of non - governmental organizations is active participation, but in the field of gender politics, this participation tends to be passive. It should be noted that education has been given more attention by non - governmental organizations not only as an aspect of social services, but also as a tool for the realization of other aspects of social services used by them to achieve their goals. So, this kind of the participation of the non - governmental organizations is not properly and efficiency in the field of for vulnerable families.
Women's Studies
Yahya Bouzarinejad; Abolfazl Eghbali
Abstract
In social studies, reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements ...
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In social studies, reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. reference groups, models, and effective methods of living are among the most significant elements contributing to the introduction of ideal lifestyle types across different societies. Iranian society considers religion and religious leaders among the most effective models and references for determining lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Iranian society considers religion and religious leaders among the most effective models and references for determining lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Consequently, it appears that explaining and introducing religious lifestyle patterns in relation to history and the practical behavior of religious elders and innocents (PBUH) may have a substantial impact on determining and directing Iranian lifestyles. Accordingly, studies conducted on the level and quality of religiosity in Iranian society demonstrate religious patterns in personal relationships among Iranians. Consequently, it appears that explaining and introducing religious lifestyle patterns in relation to history and the practical behavior of religious elders and innocents (PBUH) may have a substantial impact on determining and directing Iranian lifestyles. Considering Hazrat Zahra's (S.A.) practical behavior as a transhistorical model, the model of Muslim women can be derived in many aspects of their personal, family, and social lives. Thus, this article attempts to interpret their practical behavior from a gender identity and femininity perspective. This study uses a documentary methodology and authentic texts were used for data collection. This study uses a documentary methodology and authentic texts were used for data collection. On the basis of the ontological, anthropological, religious-cognitive, and Islamic epistemic values, the present study identifies the components of femininity in the context of hijab, modesty and immaculacy, wifehood, motherhood, housekeeping, and meaningful social and described a female narrative of her traits and personal, family and social life.. And each Some of them have been reviewed historically in the practical conduct of Hazrat Zahra (S.A.) and described a female narrative of her traits and personal, family and social life. practical conduct (SIRAH) is a reference for many questions and issues of today's era, and referring to them can be a guide for people of science and thought, as well as policy makers of the country in various fields. Therefore, it is suggested that the study of practical conduct (SIRAH) should be placed on the agenda of the research people and the scientific community of the country.
