Women's Studies
Nahid salimi
Abstract
Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit ...
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Today governance looks at the atmosphere of cooperation of actors to achieve good management of society. At the same time, policy-making is a tool in the hands of rulers to turn the objective challenges of society into scientific problems and solve them. In using this tool, it is worthwhile to benefit from the transition policy from the point of view of the target community as a large and important part of actors and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Meanwhile, women, as an important part of the active body of society and direct involvement with the dynamic institution of the family, play an important role in recognizing and solving problems in all public spheres. The Islamic Republic, as a transcendent government, which is a system based on religious democracy, will need to pay attention to this part of the actors and facilitate their public participation in the processes of problem recognition, decision-making and monitoring. For this purpose, we need to enumerate the components of this participation from the perspective of religious discourse to achieve the Islamic requirements of public participation of women in the process of Islamic governance. In this study, with the aim of extracting these components, the qualitative method and thematic analysis strategy have been used. To answer the main question of the research, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with religious experts overlooking the women's activism space with a practical or theoretical background in policy-making. Data analysis in the coding process led to the emergence of 48 basic themes in the form of 10 organizing themes and 2 Global themes and presenting a network of themes. Findings showed that the Islamic conceptual pattern of women's social body participation in the policy-making process of women include two Global dimensions of participation components and participation mechanisms. components include: Purposefulness, problem-oriented, social body leveling, religiosity and divinity, and allocation of arenas and boundaries. mechanisms include the following: legality and legitimacy, generalization and de-genderization, empowerment, intermediary institutions and specialized institutions.
In prescribing the practical Islamic model of women's participation in this approach, it should be noted that being political in the objective component, with the issue of politicization in recognizing the issue despite the Proximity of word, have a clear conceptual difference and application, so that the explanation of the problem in the objective component is related to the political issue. It is for the purpose and goal of preserving the Islamic system, while the theme of politicization in the problem-oriented component looks at the form and manner of interaction of the policy maker with the social body. Because the study of policy making in the field of women and family during the four decades after the Islamic Revolution in Iran shows the multiplicity and heterogeneity in the programs and policies, which ultimately causes the lack of coherence of the micro programs and laws in this field, in the first place It returns to the form of receiving the problem and problem recognition in the policy making process. It returns in this area. This damage appears in the bias of this process from the discourse of political parties and currents in the agenda setting and identifying important issues for attention and policy making.
Prescribing the mechanism of generality and degendering of social body participation arrangements in the process of policy making and problem recognition in this area should also be done under the two components of purposefulness and allocation of arenas. In this sense, just doing righteous deeds in Islamic governance, which has strengthened the Islamic system, is recommended and prescribed in all fields regardless of gender in the religious approach, and the assigned boundaries in Islam only determine the way of participation in these public fields. So, in addition to observing the religious standards for respecting the borders individually by women, the religious ruler will also be obliged to provide safe and suitable conditions for the general participation of women in public social arenas by preparing the social platforms regarding the borders. Using the purely legal capacity and legitimacy of the prescriptive mechanisms also allows the creation of innovative legal structures such as intermediary circles with newer approaches to manage the fields of public activism and public satisfaction to claimants and experts along with the social body. In this approach, by looking at the successful structures in other governance models in interaction with the social body of women, it is possible to design and implement successful internal models within religious frameworks. In this type of actions, the ruler, by handing over part of his governance duties to civil institutions, provides the context for active participation of people in voluntary associations, thereby increasing public trust in decisions and reducing the rejection of programs in the social body. In the end, what seems to be necessary in this matter is the creation of expert institutions and the need to add analytical and research attachments to the field of women and family policymaking at all stages and to achieve all components and mechanisms. This capacity, on the one hand, to create theoretical and practical coherence in Islamic governance, and on the other hand, in order to manage existing demands and make demands based on the present and future needs of the Islamic society, will be one of the advantages of expert actions.
Women's Studies
elham Shirdel; mehdi moeini; abdolhamid dehani
Abstract
Research background: The transformation of society and the independence of the work environment from the family environment and changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, the economic need of households for women to work outside of the home, and the increasing ...
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Research background: The transformation of society and the independence of the work environment from the family environment and changes in some other institutions, including the generalization of formal education, the economic need of households for women to work outside of the home, and the increasing need of society to employ women's labor. In the industry and service sectors, it led to the entry of women into the labor market, and as a result, the number of employed women increased. Therefore, the connection of life with employment or being a housewife is one of the most important issues for the quality of life of women in society, which can play a fundamental and decisive role in managing the lives of employed and housewives married women. Meanwhile, in recent decades the issue of quality of life has attracted the attention of many scientists. Although it is important to study the quality of life of all the strata of society, in the meantime, paying attention to the way of women life and their quality of life can be very effective in improving the health of families, today's and tomorrow's generations, and ultimately the entire society.
Research aim: Considering the change in the lifestyle and traditional roles of women in today's society, as well as their extensive participation in various fields, the present research aims to rank the factors affecting the quality of life of employed and housewives married women.
Research method: The current research is a type of applied study with the nature of a descriptive-survey research method. The target statistical population in Mehrestan city consists of 16 married women (employed housewives or just housewives) with at least 5 years of married history and a master's degree in sociology, who, due to the unwillingness of some of them to cooperate in research or the impossibility of accessing them, finally 13 (including 7 employed-housewives and 6 only housewives) experts cooperated in completing the questionnaires and were studied as the statistical sample of the research. It is worth mentioning that due to the limitation of the studied society, the enumeration method was used for sampling. The collection of information in this research is based on library studies (books, articles, reliable scientific databases), standard questionnaires, and paired matrix questionnaires (experts). To measure the validity of the questionnaire, identifying the factors based on the Likert scale, considering the standard questionnaire, face validity was used, and measuring its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient shows good reliability. Also, according to the calculated inconsistency rate, which is less than 0.1, the expert questionnaire has good reliability. Data analysis was done using AHP hierarchical analysis model and Expert choice software.
Findings: The findings of the research indicate that among the 6 affecting factors on the quality of life of employed and housewives married women in Mehrestan city, the factor of social relationships was recognized as the main factor. In the following, the social security factor was ranked second, the social support factor was ranked third, the social status factor was ranked fourth, the cultural capital factor was ranked fifth and the public health factor was ranked sixth.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the factor of women's social ties in their quality of life is in a higher rank than other factors, and the factors of social security, support, and status are in the next rank. In other words, the most important factor in women's quality of life is having a network of healthy social relationships with favorable social security, support, and status compared to others. Cultural capital is also effective in women's access to resources and improving their quality of life. Also, with the increase in women's general health, their quality of life increases. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that employed married women are attracted to the social framework due to their participation in social activities, and as a result, they do not see a difference between individual and social values, and they have a sense of responsibility and trust towards social values and norms that increases social integration. Therefore, they feel that the fate of the community is related to its components and they see the community as a suitable place for their evolution. Therefore, this positive attitude towards the community and people brings social acceptance and increases the social health of the individual, which, as a result, improves the quality of life of employed married women and increases their psychological security(.
Keywords: quality of life, social support, social relationship, social status, women.
Women's Studies
Mahdie Mohammad taghizade
Abstract
Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights ...
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Qualitative study of the influencing factors in the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city
Today, the social development of countries depends on the participation of non-governmental organizations in realizing the rights of groups and people left in society. Considering that social support for vulnerable families is related to the responsibility and accountability of all members of the society on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is related to the rights of individuals in the society. Therefore, in this research, a qualitative study of the factors affecting the participation of community members in the realization of social support for families at risk of damage is done. The current research method is qualitative with interview technique. For this purpose, 20 women active in the field of women's society were selected by purposeful sampling among 50 women active in this field who are based in Tehran, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with the CEO or board member of 10 women. The results show that both external and internal factors have been effective on the participation of Semans in social support for families in harm's way. Therefore, according to these effective factors, the participation of cements is defined from an active participation to a passive participation, and in between, there will be semi-active, semi-passive, etc.
The social development of societies is a concept that has attracted the attention of theorists in recent decades. After the 1980s, studies showed that economic development cannot lead to balanced social development. From this point of view, the social dimensions of development and the intellectual and spiritual needs of man, along with his social presence in various cultural, social and economic fields, were considered important from the point of view of social policy makers. Based on this, one of the key indicators of development, the amount of people's active participation in the field of non-governmental organizations, was chosen in order to help achieve development and fill the deficiencies caused by underdevelopment (Abrahimabadi, 2019). Therefore, the reduction of the role of governments and their inability to solve various social, economic and political issues has interpreted the semans as the demanding forces of the society (Moggi, 2013). Therefore, during the past decades, governments have recognized the role of cement in improving the capacities of the society in order to participate in the development process. Also, the belief was strengthened that the cooperation between the government and Semans together makes possible more success in the path of development.From this point of view, the purpose of empowering Semans is to create a large and diverse community of these organizations that can strengthen sustainable development. According to the analyzed texts, fertilizers can be effective in sustainable development in four areas:
- They can act as a suitable substitute for governments in providing services and priorities such as family planning, child protection, development of small partnerships, environment, tourism, etc.
- Fertilizers are considered to strengthen civil society.
- Semans are a source of innovation, experience and testing new approaches in the path of realizing development.
- Semans play an important role in expressing the political expectations of the society to the government (Yasuri, 2018).
Thus, Semans entered the literature of civil society and were recognized by international forums.
From a social point of view, Semans play an important role in promoting public awareness, developing and empowering human resources, and introducing the role of women in realizing sustainable development and civil society (Abdollahi, 2015). Therefore, one of the most important characteristics of family members is their supervisory role and demanding family rights.These organizations can play an effective role in social services by giving feedback on their demands and expressing criticisms to improve the existing situation in the society. In order to improve the quality of life of all people in the society (Farahmand, 2015). In order to comprehensively improve the quality of the society, it is necessary to pay attention to the rights of all people, both men and women, and get the support of the Semans in realizing social services and reducing discrimination against them in this matter. Based on the analyzed documents, one of the main duties of family members is to attract the attention of different strata to the issues and demands of the family and realize social support for it at the national and international levels.
Women's Studies
Fariba Alasvand
Abstract
The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization ...
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The issue of justice is one of the wide-ranging and challenging issues that, despite the complex texts about justice in Western sources, the Islamic approach to it is weak. Studies show that despite the importance of justice in political and social jurisprudence, theoretical dimensions that lead to systematization or trend-setting structures have not been raised and strengthened in this approach. Except for some of the books and articles that have been published in the last two decades and presented good comparative studies that can inspire new researches, most of these studies are still involved in issues such as knowing or not knowing the rules of justice, justice as a criterion for Friday and congregational imamate. , the difference between the sharia and customary meaning of justice, criticism of women's rights and duties with the measure of justice and the like. Therefore, a research that proposes to strengthen those theoretical dimensions of justice that leads to pragmatism and structuring about it is necessary. Therefore, this article aims to strengthen this dimension and to present the necessities that are necessary in organizing a pragmatic theory of justice, and because in the last century, one of the challenges of justice, especially its Islamic approach, rights and benefits Social is for women, the field of investigation and comparisons has been placed on the issue of justice for women.
Weighing each ruling with justice means to consider justice as the criterion of all of them or the legislative goal of all of them. Although such a statement is not approved, it is necessary to fill the empty space of mandatory rules with fair laws and legislate fair laws in the administration of the country and governance. As some authors believe, if the rulings in the laws of the Islamic Republic are in accordance with the explicit text of the Qur'an and frequent hadiths, they are the same revelation and cannot be criticized by the standard of justice, but in the case of other laws, if the revelation is silent, they are evaluated by the standard of justice. Therefore, paying attention to justice in the establishment and falsification of secondary and government rulings is an absolute and necessary principle (Danesh Pajoh, 2013, 204). As a result, if justice is a criterion in some of the laws of the country, among the most important topics in this regard is the processing of the theory of justice, which includes clear theoretical and practical aspects as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the praise of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what is the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field. This is the main question in this article. To answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice centered on women. The theoretical consideration deals with the challenge of the inequality criterion, and the practical consideration deals with the two issues of perception measurement and indexing for justice, and in all cases, it focuses on the issue of women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary and fundamental article.
Among the most important issues of justice is the processing of a theory including clear theoretical and practical dimensions as a strategy for managing society. Although these dimensions have been the focus of domestic researchers in the studies of the last two decades, they need to be explored more and focused on micro-issues. In the path of transition from the admiration of justice in its religious studies to practical theoretical processing, one should know what the most important theoretical and practical challenge of justice in this field is. This is the main question in this article. In order to answer this question, the author's effort is to present one theoretical consideration and two practical considerations in the theorizing of justice with the focus on women. After collecting the necessary data, the method of the article is content analysis and a documentary article.
Women's Studies
Jamileh Alamolhoda; parastoo alikhani; morteza rezaeizadeh; esmaeal jafari
Abstract
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies ...
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Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.
Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.
Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.
Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women. Of course, the findings of this research cannot be generalized due to its qualitative nature, and in order to formalize one or more Iranian-Islamic intellectual foundations, it requires qualitative and quantitative efforts by other researchers as well.
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.
Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.
Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.
Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women.
Women's Studies
GOODARZ SHAHMORADI; azhin abbaspour; Hossein SADEGHI
Abstract
Abstract
Women's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle ...
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Abstract
Women's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their communities, however, the mutual influence and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are less studied. Globally and especially in upper middle income countries, women make up about one third of successful and innovative entrepreneurs focused on national and international markets. Almost half of them are also involved in the wholesale/retail sector and a fifth in the public sector and social services (18.5% of women vs. 10.1% of men). Studies show that there is little cultural support for female entrepreneurs and less successful female founders are celebrated as role models. The purpose of this research is to obtain a framework regarding the impact of cultural attitudes on the social development of women's entrepreneurship.In this research, consolidated studies and a combination of the results of research conducted in the field of women's entrepreneurship development based on cultural attitudes. has been studied. Based on this, in the current research, the total number of articles searched related to the topic is 1547 articles between 2010-2021, of which 305 articles were selected and 17 articles were included in the analysis basket in accordance with the standard protocol, and this analysis basket was analyzed to acceptable values. By applying the meta-analysis method and using the comprehensive meta-analysis software CMA2, this research has examined the correlation coefficients and statistical samples of the previous studies. The values used in the statistical tests in the hypotheses have been analyzed after being converted into the effect size. Based on the effect size (1.345) there is a positive and significant effect between cultural attitude and the development of women's social entrepreneurship, which according to Cohen's effect size interpretation, this effect is considered strong. Finally, the results of this research may be used in the field of entrepreneurial business and sociology. The research findings show that based on Cohen's effect size, cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. The hypothesis of this research has been proven and cultural attitude has a positive, significant and strong effect on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. It is suggested that more field studies be done on the cultural variables and sub-variables of the Iranian society, various ethnicities, cultures and subcultures, as well as their impact on the development of women's social entrepreneurship. Also, effective ways to change cultural attitudes regarding the development of women's social entrepreneurship should be formulated and presented in the form of executive instructions. Generally, the results of many similar studies confirm the conclusions of the present study and indicate the positive and direct impact of cultural attitudes on the development of women's social entrepreneurship.
Women's Studies
Saeed Gholamrezaei; Fatemeh Rahimi-Feyzabad; Fateme Movahedian
Abstract
Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding ...
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Rural areas suffer from special problems that must be taken into account to realize the real dimension of the phenomenon. In the meantime, the issue of "rural women's employment" as one of the most important social and economic issues, has gained great importance today. A better understanding of rural women’s employment, and the limitation they face, is necessary for the targeting and design of policy interventions. The scarce economic and employment opportunities women can access in rural areas have been focused mostly on self-employment. Indeed, in many countries, rural women are often self-employed as own account workers (running small businesses with no employees). Women's self-employment can improve both women's intrahousehold bargaining position and their children's health, nutrition, and education outcomes. Rural women's self-employment and their success in creating jobs not only brings economic benefits but also social and cultural benefits. In such a situation, the cooperative sector is a suitable field for rural women's self-employment through strengthening the participation culture. Cooperatives with the participation of their members can play an important role in reducing poverty, creating self-employment, and increasing employment and entrepreneurship of rural women. But before making any effort to improve the employment status of rural women, it is necessary to investigate the rural women's intention to start cooperatives. Therefore, there is a need to clarify the most influential elements in shaping personal decisions to start a self-employed business in the form of cooperatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the behavioral intention of rural women members of Lorestan Province micro-credit funds towards self-employment in cooperatives using Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). SCCT (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994, 2000) is concerned with the interplay between a variety of personal, environmental, and behavioral variables that are assumed to give rise to people’s academic and career-related interests, choices, and performance outcomes. Among its personal variables, the theory emphasizes the central role of self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and goals (intention) in enabling people to assert personal control on behalf of their career efforts. However, SCCT is equally concerned with variables, such as environmental supports and barriers that may either promote or restrict the exercise of personal control. This study was designed and implemented through a survey method. The statistical population consisted of all rural women members of Lorestan Province Micro Credit Funds (N= 1087) who sampling of multistage quota proportional to the sample size through Krejcie and Morgan sampling table resulted in to select of 307 samples. Data collection in this study was conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire. After preparing the questionnaire and confirming its validity by the experts panel, its reliability was confirmed through a pilot study by calculating Cronbach's alpha values for the variables investigated. Structural equation modeling was used to determine factors influencing rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives through AMOS24. Pearson's correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between Social Cognitive Career Theory variables. Correlation results show that the self-employment intention variable had a positive and significant relationship with the variables of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, and interests. Also, the self-employment intention variable has a negative and significant relationship with the social barriers variable. To investigate factors affecting the intention of rural women members of Lorestan province micro-credit funds towards self-employment, structural equation modeling was used using AMOS24 software. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that the interests variable has the highest direct impact on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives and self-efficacy has the highest indirect influence on rural women's intention to self-employment in cooperatives. One of the most important development goals in most countries is job creation and poverty alleviation in rural areas, especially for rural women who are half of the rural population and since this deprived section of the society is a large part of the workforce needed in the agricultural sector, giving importance to their needs should be prioritized in development plans. For this purpose and to meet the financial and economic needs of women and create income, self-employment and increase their self-confidence, the formation of cooperatives can be effective. But a vital issue that is important in this regard is the factors that influence the decision and intention of rural women to start investing and working in cooperatives. Based on the results, the Social Cognitive Career Theory was a suitable theory to predict rural women's self-employment intention.
Women's Studies
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad; sosan bastani
Abstract
Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support ...
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Following the decrease in the fertility level and the change in the pattern of childbearing in Iran and its demographic, economic and social consequences, efforts have been made in the policy system in recent years to support the family and working women. One of the programs carried out in order to support working women and increase fertility in the country was to increase the length of maternity leave from six months to nine months.The purpose of this study is to interpret and represent the different dimensions of maternity leave among employed mothers. In fact, this study was an attempt to understand the effects of this policy in the continuation of women's participation in the labor market, improving the health of family members, developing the financial well-being of the family, maintaining the job values of mothers, and mothers' satisfaction, reducing work-family conflict from the perspective of working mothers who are the target group of this policy.The approach of this research is qualitative. The sample includes 25 employed women with maternity leave experience living in Tehran who was determined through purposive sampling with maximum diversity based on the level of theoretical saturation. The data collection method is an in-depth interview that was conducted in the fall and winter of 2022. This study was carried out in the conditions of the Corona epidemic, so this situation affected both the way of collecting information and the duration of the research. Therefore, some interviews were conducted in person and some by phone. The method of analysis was thematic analysis which was extracted in three methods of open, axial and selective coding. From the data analysis process, the core category of "paradoxical expression of maternity leave experience" was obtained, which arises from the two themes of "women's dual experience of maternity leave" and "contradictions in policies and executive plans". The category " women's dual experience of maternity leave " is the result of three sub-themes of "strengthening the family institution", "doubt in decision-making" and "job insecurity" which show the dual experience. According to the findings, "body management skills", "promoting the biological health of the child", "quality motherhood" and "helping the work-family balance" indicate women's perception of maternity leave as an opportunity to strengthen the family institution, but the decision phobia that It is caused by "fear of separation from the child" and "hesitation to return to work", and "insecurity and job degradation" is also an important part of mothers' experience. The understanding of employed mothers about how to implement the program also indicates that it is contradictory, which is included in three sub-themes: "lack of legislation", "closure of the private sector" and "openness of the public sector".Based on the lived experience of the mothers in this study, on the one hand, the maternity leave policy has helped the well-being of women and families and has provided the satisfaction of mothers in order to provide the well-being and peace of mother and child and restore their health. On the other hand, this program has been the source of some worries, fears and uncertainties, and it has many weaknesses due to the contradictions in the policies and executive programs in providing the safety of mind and well-being of working mothers. Of course, various conditions such as economic, family, work environment, physical conditions of mother and child, and the level of knowledge and ability of mothers in understanding and facing issues related to the conflict of work and family roles have created a diverse experience of maternity leave for women.In this regard, the review of policies related to the protection of working women shows that there are good protective laws in Iran. Existing laws such as breastfeeding hours, part-time work, child care services, reducing the working hours of women with special conditions can have a great impact on preventing personal and family issues, along with maternity leave. However, in addition to the ambiguity in the laws, the enforcement guarantee of these policies and laws has not been specified. In some cases, the implementation of laws has been left to the authority of the occupational organization. Therefore, it has caused the non-fulfillment of various support policies for working mothers. Therefore, it is important that maternity leave policy needs to be reviewed, monitored and redesigned according to the needs and conditions of mothers, children and employers.
Women's Studies
Kayvan Shoja Chaghervand; Alireza Poursaeed; Maryam Omidi Najaf Abadi
Abstract
The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises ...
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The empowerment has been known as controlling decision making about his or her life and ability for interventions in all their life challenges (Baig et al., 2018). Women empowerment can improve sustainability in development fields (Akhter & Cheng, 2020). Empowerment conception not only comprises extrinsic control but it also is included the development of intrinsic capabilities (Abrar-ul-Haq, Jali, & Islam, 2018). It has been reported that the development of the empowerment in women is a pivotal actors for improving productivity and food security in rural areas (Sharaunga, Mudhara, & Bogale, 2016).Food security is the measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it. According to the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, food security is defined as meaning that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life. Female-headed households who live in rural areas are faced with serious challenges in their life, because they should manage their life and supply their life costs. In Iran, some supporting institutions support female-headed households but their pensions are not sufficient to manage their life. It was recently reported that 32% of Iranian families are living in food insecurity (Pakravan-Charvadeh et al., 2020).Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of job empowerment on food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization. Statistical population of the current study included 495 women based on the data collected from Statistical Center of Iran and 216 women were selected with the help of Cochran’s formula. Tehran province was divided into ten rural districts and each district was considered as a classification. A self-designed questionnaire consisting from 11 variables were used for job empowerment of women comprising grouping work and communication skills (n= 7 items), creativity and solving problem (n= 6 items), commitment and responsibility (n= 6 items), information and specific knowledge (n= 5 items) and technical skills and operational work (n= 5 items). A five-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). A standard questionnaire comprising accessibility (n= 6 items), availability (n= 6 items), utilization (n= 7 items) and stability (n= 4 items) was used for food security construct. A six-point Likert scale was considered for each variable ranging from 0 (any) to 5 (very high). The data were also collected for age, education, job, family size, and annual income. To investigate the effects of constructs of job empowerment on food security, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. The results showed that the age mean of the women-headed households in rural areas was 48.28 with standard deviation of 11.55 years. Mean and standard deviation for constructs were as follows; grouping work and communication skills (2.77 ± 0.88), creativity and solving problem (3.01 ± 0.90), commitment and responsibility (3.26 ± 1.02), information and specific knowledge (2.94 ± 0.94), technical skills and operational work (3.22 ± 1.00), access (2.23 ± 0.84), availability (2.42 ± 0.80), utilization (2.69 ± 1.10) and stability (2.57 ± 0.74). The results for model-fitting showed that job empowerment and food security had a good fit for the data with fit indices (χ2/df=1.85, CFI=0.92; NFI= 0.96; RMSEA=0.032). The results show that indices are appropriate and the model has a good fit. The results showed that job empowerment could determine 57.50% of food security variance. In conclusion, this study showed that factors of grouping work and communication skills, creativity and solving problem, commitment and responsibility and information and specific knowledge had significant effects on job empowerment of female-headed households in rural areas of Iran country. With regards to the effects of the factors on empowerment, policy makers must consider policies for improving job empowerment. To improve food security and job empowerment in rural region, we suggest establishing centers by supporting institutions for education of skills and also identification of creative women for improving their abilities. We also suggest education of new information and knowledge by media and other organizations for improving job empowerment. We also suggest education of technical skills for prevention of injures and improving abilities in female-headed households in rural areas. In sum, it is recommended to consider the job empowerment for improving food security for improving food security of rural female-headed households under supervision of the Welfare Organization.
Women's Studies
Farzaneh Haghighat ghahfarokhi; Seyed Ali Hosseini; Esmaeil Ghaderi; Seyed Mojtaba Mahmudzadeh
Abstract
Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry whose ...
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Identity shows the origin and focus of a person's values. People define their social identity by joining different social groups. Social background, social interactions and gaining different experiences are the main fields of forming people's social identity. Tourism industry as a service industry whose development brings many economic, social and cultural changes for a society and human interactions play an important role in it, can have a significant impact on the formation of people's identity and their identity changes. Experiencing new opportunities through development of tourism can affect how women know themselves and rebuild their identity. As a large part of the workforce in the tourism industry, women are exposed to identity changes and transformations by being members of different groups and working in the new context of tourism, which is sometimes in conflict with their traditional values.The main goal of this research is to provide a thematic network analysis of the identity construction of women working in tourism, and specifically women working in ecolodges of Kerman province. In this regard, based on the interpretive approach, qualitative methodology has been chosen, and answers to the research questions and objectives have been chosen based on ethnography.
In ethnographic research, the sample size is different based on the time, the studied people and the research field. In this research, the sample size was selected based on the fact that the people have experience in establishing and working in one of the ecolodges of Kerman province and have enough time to answer the questions as well as personal desire. This group of women was selected as the informants of the research and the in-depth interview with them continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The researcher reached theoretical saturation after conducting fifteen interviews, however, she continued the interviews to twenty women. Necessary criteria for the selection of informants, including compliance with the maximum diversity of people in terms of age, education, social class, religion, ethnicity, city of residence and geographical area of residence, have been taken into consideration.
Attride-Stirling theme network analysis was used for data analysis. In the six-step process of analysis, 88 initial codes were reduced to 33 basic theme, 13 organizing themes, and a global theme of "women's identity transition from traditional dependence to modern independence in the context of tourism". The analysis of the theme network indicates that the experience of new opportunities through the development of tourism along with the positive and negative lived experiences of women in the past and now, as well as the activity in the existing social and cultural context, which includes the transformation of women's gender identity, women's beliefs in identity building, deconstruction cultural and social and feeling the need for change, leads to the construction of identity in different dimensions, including emotional construction of identity, psychological construction of identity, construction of communication identity, construction of local identity, construction of occupational identity, construction of economic identity, construction of dignity identity and construction of socially independent identity. These identity processes are the result of the interaction of women who have been involved in personal issues in the field of family institutions before entering the world of tourism, with the endless world of tourism and its various managerial, political, economic, cultural and social aspects.
Political sciences
sima raeisi; Hosein Tafazzoli; Mohammad Tohidfam; Ah,madreza Taheri
Abstract
In any society the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baluch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according to the ...
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In any society the political participation of social groups is formed based on the social and cultural structures of that society, which makes participation reasonable or traditional. The political participation of Baluch women has also been formed on the same basis. In this regard, according to the present question, how has the Baluchistan stratification system brought the political participation of Baluch women under its radius? It was tried to study the political participation of Baluch women according to social stratification. The current research was conducted with a contextual method, as well as with a semi-structured interview technique and targeted sampling of eleven Baluch men and women.
The main goals of the research are to untangle the issues and problems of political participation in Baluchistan region. Identifying the effect of political participation on the social stratification process of Sistan and Baluchistan and finding practical and precise solutions for the political participation of women in the province to be used in the development strategies and prospects of the country.
The findings of the research show that the political participation of Baluch women has been under the influence of social stratification in Baluchistan. Despite the fact that the background factors such as: patriarchy, gender socialization, religious concepts and historical and mental backgrounds are similar, but women's participation has been formed according to the social stratifications of each part of Baluchistan region. According to social stratifications, including: tribal stratification in northern Baluchistan, caste stratification in central and southern Baluchistan, and economic and tribal stratification in coastal Baluchistan, which affects the political participation of not only women but all the people of the region.
This means that the political participation of women in the Baluchistan region in terms of qualitative understanding of this participation, has become a collective action by the influential and superior classes in this region.
Based on the contextual method and the central phenomenon obtained, i.e. "retrospection", the social stratification of the Baluchistan region, despite technological, educational developments, etc., is still based on its previous social stratifications, and there has been little change in the social stratifications of Baluchistan region.
On the other hand, such a tendency towards the past in the cultural structure of Baluchistan has caused the lack of meritocracy in political and social competitions; For example, the education and expertise of the candidates and participants does not play a significant role in the political equations of Baluchistan. Based on this,. In fact, we see a back-and-forth relationship between these two concepts, which fulfill each other in a vicious circle.
Although this research was conducted to investigate the political participation of Baluch women, the results of the qualitative research that focused on the hidden and more complex aspects of this participation described a model of participation that gives meaning not only to women, but also to the whole of political participation in Baluchistan society. In this context, women's participation is not based on their gender, but on the basis of belonging to certain classes and in some cases even as a tool at the disposal of that class.
According to the categories of the research, which have progressed towards becoming richer and broader explanations during the analysis of qualitative data, it seems that the social stratification of Baluchistan is based on "tribe" and "caste" in the form of retrospection, and the equations Power and political participation in the Baluchistan region are organized within its framework; As according to the originality of collectivism and the negation of individualism, patriarchy, inner self, etc., women and men of caste and class participate in maintaining the unity of the caste and class and its domination over other castes and classes, and for this purpose, They use their own special tools. Despite the fact that democratic tools such as: elections have existed in this region since the Pahlavi period, but sects and classes used it for sect and class interests, which during the periods of holding elections for the Islamic Council and the City and Village Councils.
Women's Studies
shohre rowshani
Abstract
Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family ...
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Work and family are two important institutions for the individual and society, and establishing a balance between work and family roles is very important in the successful advancement of goals. University faculty members are faced with more difficulties to establish the balance between career and family roles, especially mothering, due to having a large amount of job duties. Various conditions are effective in the balanced performance of roles, and its identification can create the necessary grounds for solving the obstacles of establishing the balance between occupational and maternal roles and as a result, be useful for performing these roles as best as possible. In this regard the purpose of the present study was to identify the conditions that affect the balance between work and mothering among women university faculty members based on their lived experience.
The present research was conducted using a qualitative method. The target population are women who are faculty members of the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, who have the experience of mothering and employment together. The selection of the participants was done with the purposeful sampling method and taking into account the maximum diversity. The information was collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sampling and conducting interviews continued until data saturation was reached, and based on this, 20 faculty members of Tehran universities were interviewed. After converting the interviews into text, the interviews were coded using the summary content analysis technique and the conditions affecting the balance between the job role and mothering were extracted.
Based on the data analysis, the conditions affecting the establishment of balance include eight main categories: "attitude towards mothering and employment", "Quality of support and companionship by family", "Quality of support and companionship by university", "job requirements of faculty members", "personal characteristics", "children's childhood difficulties", "children's presence at home" and "access to material facilities" and each of them included several sub-categories. The category "attitude towards mothering and employment" includes a positive attitude towards mothering and a positive belief towards employment and mothering together, the category "Quality of support and companionship by family" includes the support and accompaniment by spouse, the lack of support and accompaniment by spouse, the support and accompaniment by one's own family and the spouse and Lack of support and companionship by one's family and spouse, the category "Quality of support and companionship by university" includes understanding the conditions and companionship of the member by colleagues and university officials, lack of understanding of the difficulties and requirements of the mothering role by the university officials, depriving the member of opportunities for Career success due to mothering and the lack of legal support for the role of mothering, the category of "job requirements of faculty members" includes the time urgency of some career activities, the need to focus strongly on career activities in the primary years, the impossibility of using the rules of hours of Breastfeeding and reduction of working hours, the impossibility of actually using maternity leave, the need to spend a lot of time continuously for work activities, the specific job conditions of the field of study, the need to spend a lot of time to achieve career success, the lack of a clear boundary between work and family life, the necessity of continuity of work activities at home, the requirements of career growth and promotion, and the quantity-oriented rules in evaluating the job success, the category of "individual characteristics" includes being hard-worker, perfectionism and scientific obsession, Being highly responsible in work and obsession in child rearing, the category of "children's childhood difficulties" includes breastfeeding difficulties, childhood mischief, dependence Child to mother and the difficulties of using kindergarten, the category of "children's presence at home", including the presence of children at home during summer vacations, the presence of children at home due to the closure of kindergartens and schools, and the presence of children at home due to illness, the category of "access to Material facilities" included the distance from work to home, financial ability and vehicle. Some conditions, such as the support and companionship of the spouse and the university, have a more prominent role in establishing balance, and in addition to helping women to successfully fulfill their career and motherhood duties, by reducing the tensions of fulfilling roles simultaneously and creating the Reassurance and calmness are effective in playing a balanced role of work and motherhood and it is necessary to pay special attention to them.
Women's Studies
Nazanin Bashirimanesh; nasrin ghadamyari; Hadis ahmadi
Abstract
The presence of female managers at management board s has a remarkable and positive effect on the functions and an increase on company's values.Not only because of their special methods on making decisions but also their highly consideration about their responsibilities. So that female managers boost ...
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The presence of female managers at management board s has a remarkable and positive effect on the functions and an increase on company's values.Not only because of their special methods on making decisions but also their highly consideration about their responsibilities. So that female managers boost the supervision aspects of boards and help to lower opportunistic behaviour and improve the function and performance of boards as well. So the main goal of this research is investigating the effect of female managers ' performance at boards on comanys' social responsibilities. In order to measuring companies 'social responsibilities content analysis method has been used. sample of 129 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange was tested during the period 2013-2021.The independent variable is the number women at board combination and the dependent variable is company 's social responsibilities. The conclusions reveal that the presence of female managers at management boards has a meaningful and direct relationship on companies' domestic and international responsibilities.
Women's Studies
Effat Borna; Hossein Afrasiabi; ahmad kalate sadati; Mahdi Kermani
Abstract
Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured ...
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Despite dramatic increases of women in higher education, a significant gap remains in women's socio-economic activities, a manifestation of success in life today. This study aims to investigate the barriers and facilitators of success for women. We used a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to conduct a qualitative study with women between 30 and 40 years. Using theoretical and purposive sampling, we continued the interviews until achieving theoretical saturation, and finally, 25 people were interviewed. After transposing data into MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software, they were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory coding methods. The findings emerged in eight categories: (1) one-dimensional socialization and external limitations, (2) restrictions on career prospects, (3) lack of financial and family support, (4) lack of skill-based training, (5) role pressure of housekeeping (6) access to university education (7) focus on personal empowerment and (8) cyberspace opportunities. “Constraints and role duality” was considered the core category. The findings suggest that the intersectional socio-cultural systems that shape individuals' identities involve women in a cycle of learning about systemic influences so that participants develop the semantic structures needed to filter out discriminatory effects. It should be noted that the social system has been able to provide new opportunities for women; however, the weight of gender social components is still high, and these opportunities have not been realized
Women's Studies
saber kalhori; farshad mohammadian
Abstract
Women's economic empowerment is related to human rights and social justice and is very important for human development. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has shown that women's economic empowerment plays an important role in eliminating gender discrimination and sustainable development. Also, ...
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Women's economic empowerment is related to human rights and social justice and is very important for human development. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has shown that women's economic empowerment plays an important role in eliminating gender discrimination and sustainable development. Also, increasing women's economic empowerment through access to and control of valuable resources has positive effects on the well-being of women and the next generation, and therefore, women's economic empowerment also contributes to human capital and human capabilities. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of financial access on women's economic empowerment in Middle Eastern countries using generalize method of moments (GMM) panel data from 2004 to 2018. The results showed that economic empowerment increases with improving financial access, so that with a 1% increase in the number of commercial banks branches, economic empowerment increases by 0.37%. Also, the variables of life expectancy, education and cost of living have a positive and significant relationship and the variable of GDP per capita has a significant and negative relationship with economic empowerment. Therefore, it is suggested that governments, organizations and policy makers consider measures to facilitate, improve and increase the granting of self-employment loans to women in order to activate them in society and the labor market. Also, by providing programs to increase the level of education of women in society and by implementing development plans and programs and in general by providing comprehensive services to increase women's health improves women's economic empowerment.
Women's Studies
zeinab moradinezhad; mohammad taghi karami; Saeedeh Amini; saeed zokaei
Abstract
Iranian women adopt various strategies to enter the field of politics or to face political issues. The purpose of this study is to understand these strategies from the perspective of women. Strategy refers to large-scale approaches that can be explored as a whole from individual behaviors in different ...
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Iranian women adopt various strategies to enter the field of politics or to face political issues. The purpose of this study is to understand these strategies from the perspective of women. Strategy refers to large-scale approaches that can be explored as a whole from individual behaviors in different situations, and in the present article, we are particularly concerned with mechanisms Iranian women use to enter politics and confront political issues and problems? For this purpose, a conceptual - critical approach was developed with an interpretive approach relying on sensitive concepts such as understanding gender inequality, different experience (female lived experience) and slow progression from perspectives such as radical feminism and that of Asif Bayat. This research has been done with a qualitative approach (individual and group interviews) and with the method of content analysis. Based on the results of this study, four types of strategies were identified: bold gender resistance, anticipatory inaction, feminine political attitude (soft strategy) and desperate isolation. Thus it can be said that due to the difference in the method of awareness and its origin in different individuals, the choice of strategy is different among women, and consequently there is a multiplicity of patterns of agency and subjectivity of women in politics. In addition, the results of the study indicate two important points: 1. Gender sensitivities and women's political activism are interconnected and inseparable. 2. Gender can be considered one of the determining factors of political activism in the micro and macro arenas.
Women's Studies
zahra rajae; maryam mehrparvar; mahya firouzian
Abstract
Women’s role in the development of today's societies depends directly on the goal of social and economic development. Thus it is a fundamental factor in the evolution of all human societies. This study aims at evaluating the effect of glass ceiling beliefs on women's succession and their leadership ...
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Women’s role in the development of today's societies depends directly on the goal of social and economic development. Thus it is a fundamental factor in the evolution of all human societies. This study aims at evaluating the effect of glass ceiling beliefs on women's succession and their leadership style in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. It is an applied research, based on its purpose, and a descriptive survey in terms of its methodology. The statistical population of the study contain the staff of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. According to Morgan Table, the sample size is 110 people. In order to study and test the effective variables in the research topic, the standard questionnaire of Smith (2012) has helped measuring the variable of glass ceiling beliefs, while standard questionnaire of Khoda Yari (2017) has been used to measure the variable of women-breeding and standard questionnaire of Najarzadeh Arani (2020) to measure the variable of leadership style. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires have been confirmed through combined reliability and confirmatory factor analysis, respectively. In order to analyze the research data, SPSS and Smart-PLS software have been used to prepare descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that the beliefs of the glass ceiling have had a positive and significant effect on the succession of women. In addition, it has been found that the beliefs of the glass ceiling have a positive and significant effect on the leadership style of women in managerial positions.
Women's Studies
Hajiieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad
Abstract
This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through ...
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This study aims at identifying the areas of work-family conflict as well as the ways to balance work and family plans. Its approach is qualitative, and its methodology is based on phenomenology. The sample involves 27 women with children under 12, who work in Tehran Municipality. They are selected through purposive sampling with maximum variety in terms of age, number of children, position, and type of contract, then to be determined based on the theoretical saturation level. The data collection method is in-depth interview and the analysis method is thematic analysis, extracted in three methods of open, axial, and selective coding. Based on this study’s findings, the areas of conflict are divided into 8 sub-themes and 3 main themes: "high job requirements", "unequal gender approach in the private and public spheres", and "abandonment and marginalization of policies for family and childbearing ". Working mothers also make great efforts to adapt and use a variety of strategies. These strategies, extracted from a total of 95 basic concepts and 18 sub-themes, are classified into two main themes, namely "bounded rationality" and "formation of non-traditional organizational arrangements". In general, while policy initiatives can be effective in helping women adapt to dual roles, many women still address these issues on an individual or personal level. Working women feel that the policies adopted by the organization are insufficient and have no executive guarantee; therefore, they do not affect their lives significantly.
Women's Studies
abolfazl delavari; Elahe Sadeghi
Abstract
Although in general, politics in contemporary Iran have had patriarchal orientation, efforts and actions taken place regarding reforming women’s condition cannot be ignored. In this article, we have tried investigate the changes of orientations, factors and consequences of gender politics in Iran ...
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Although in general, politics in contemporary Iran have had patriarchal orientation, efforts and actions taken place regarding reforming women’s condition cannot be ignored. In this article, we have tried investigate the changes of orientations, factors and consequences of gender politics in Iran between the years of 1270 to 1320. According to theoretical approach of this article, transformation of gender policies has been differed from an era to the other; and influenced by three factors: 1-Ideas and movements regarding transformation of women’s condition; 2-Conservative forces resistance; 3-Government orientation and actions. And we have found that in a 15-year period before constitutional movement, the very primary sprouts of ideas and movements related to transformation of women’s condition have been started. But the major weakness of this movement which was the fierce resistance of conservatives on one hand and the authority’s reluctance on the other hand prevented a drastic change in women’s condition and transformation of gender related ideas. After the victory of constitutional movement until the 1299 coup, there were plenty of opportunities to make some changes in women themselves and also have the support of some authorities and new political organizations such as the Parliament and reform parties for transformation of women’s condition. It was in this era that the right of women’s education was granted. Moreover, new demands and ideas like legal equity and women’s right to political participation were brought up.in the 20 years after the coup in which the government itself was in charge of transformation of women’s situation, although there were noticeable changes in education, employment and on top of that presence of women in public arenas, imperious nature of these changes and their incompatibility with the dominant culture not only did prevent the development of ideas and reform movements regarding gender, but also was the starting point for development of orientations and the retrogressive forces in next era.
Women's Studies
atefe khademi; fateme taghizade
Abstract
Addressing the issue of women in the body of knowledge often takes a network of their problems, and the generated knowledge is generally focused on the issues of this stratum as a case. That is, we are always faced with a range of findings focused on personal, family or social issues in relation to women's ...
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Addressing the issue of women in the body of knowledge often takes a network of their problems, and the generated knowledge is generally focused on the issues of this stratum as a case. That is, we are always faced with a range of findings focused on personal, family or social issues in relation to women's issues that in a blurred form, does not provide a clear-cut model of the meaning of women in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution. The lack of a systematic approach and a clear model of women in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution is one of the most important shortcomings. Therefore, this research, regardless of the case and selective view of women with the aim of drawing the conceptual model of the revolution leader's thought system in the subject of women, seeks to answer this fundamental question: in Ayatollah Khamenei's thought system in what conceptual model is a woman portrayed? In order to answer this question by adopting a qualitative content analysis method, in the framework of the Systematic approach, two key concepts of the “third model” and “revolutionary man” were obtained, that Each of these implies the dimensions of the image, and The resulting image represents revolution leader’s humanist look, but with gender considerations on the issue of women in the vast array of his thought system.
Women's Studies
Behrouz Roustakhiz; Atiyeh Azarshab; Emilia Nercissians
Abstract
Unlike many previous studies that have been inspired by some kind of medical and pathological discourse to investigate the consequences of hookah and tobacco use on consumer’s health, the purpose of the present study is to understand the semantic implications of this phenomenon Among Baloch women ...
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Unlike many previous studies that have been inspired by some kind of medical and pathological discourse to investigate the consequences of hookah and tobacco use on consumer’s health, the purpose of the present study is to understand the semantic implications of this phenomenon Among Baloch women residing in Damen village of Iranshahr city. In view of the main issue of the research and the most important goal outlined, in the methodological dimension we have also adopted a qualitative approach appropriate to anthropological work, namely “ethnography”. Finally, the findings show that the tendency to use hookah among the study population is not merely an individual tendency and it’s not anti-social and abnormal. Rather, it must be seen along special cultural contexts that have unique semantic implications. This topic is discussed in the following six categories: 1) Hookah using and continuation of traditions; 2) Hookah consumption, affirmation and social identification; 3) Hookah using, redemption of tension and woman’s agency; 4) Hookah using and leisure; 5) Hookah using and treatment of disease; 6) Hookah using, strengthening and maintaining of group cohesion.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalate Sadaty; Hamid Hejazi; Elham Moradi Nezhad
Abstract
Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure ...
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Living single in Iran has an increasing trend. Single life experiences for women can bring lots of hazards. The objective of this research is to address the relationship between religious believes and high risk behavior among Yazd women. In the current study, we have used theories of social pressure and social deterrence. The theoretical framework of the present research is Emile Durkheim's theory of social solidarity. This is descriptive-analytic study that has been examined by a standardized questionnaire as the instrument. The population of the research include single women aged 18 and above in Yazd province. Using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated 385 people. We have used multi-stage cluster sampling. Different areas of the city were divided into three parts (north, center, and south), and two blocks from each part was selected as the sample. In order to analyze the data, we have also applied SPSS 16. The results have indicated that tendency toward high risk behavior among women is at the average level. Furthermore, the religious ties of the women are at the average level. There is a reverse and significant relationship between religiosity and high risk behavior (-0.619). The high risk behavior declines as religiosity increases (p=0.000). Also, there is a significant relationship between religiosity (24.126) and marital status (p=0.000). The religiosity of married people is more than that of single people (p=0.000). The analysis of regression indicated that religious attitude affects high risk behaviors with beta coefficient of -0.558. Despite wide social changes, the results of this study confirmed that religion still controls high risk behaviors.
Women's Studies
Rahele Kardavani
Abstract
One of the most important issues in social service patterns, as the central place in status of gender in the welfare state, is the situation of women in the labor market, and in particular is the policy of childcare for working mothers. This is problematic topic in various aspects of the family and society ...
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One of the most important issues in social service patterns, as the central place in status of gender in the welfare state, is the situation of women in the labor market, and in particular is the policy of childcare for working mothers. This is problematic topic in various aspects of the family and society and, therefore, is the basis for creating wide disagreements in the views, positions and policy strategies. One of the most important ways of understanding the deficiencies and strategies for improving childcare policies is to study the experiences of working mothers of these policies. They are the most relevant group with these policies. This research is based on the phenomenological method and the data have been collected from a sample of mothers working with children under the age of seven. They have been selected based on purposeful sampling to focusing on employees in the universities of Isfahan. The intention is to understand the meaning and experience of the mothers working on Iran's policies in childcare. Therefore, these data can show policy strategies to improve policy making in this sphere. The data analysis based on the seven-level approach delivered five main themes including policy evaluation, intermediate variables, effects and outcomes, and strategies. According to the results of this study, the analysis of working mothers experiences show the childcare policies in Iran from different aspects particularly lack of flexibility in the rules and their implementation in relation to maternal/child conditions and also lack of gender and advocacy in the intellectual domain of the executives and employers. This is not sufficient to provide the peace of working mothers. The results have indicated that various mediating variables such as family circumstances, financial status, work, personality, and awareness of mothers on how they perceive and deal with child care policies have an influence on the different effects of maternal/child/occupational status.
Women's Studies
Fatemeh Ghasempour; Zohreh Nosrat Kharazmi
Abstract
The departments of Women’s Studies were established in 1970s in the United States. The quantities of the departments and the subjects they cover have increasingly grown during these years by a significant co-relation with the reality of change in women’s status. Women’s Studies are ...
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The departments of Women’s Studies were established in 1970s in the United States. The quantities of the departments and the subjects they cover have increasingly grown during these years by a significant co-relation with the reality of change in women’s status. Women’s Studies are established as the academic wing of the women’s civil movements and it can be understood in terms of changing meanings of the women’s rights and empowerment. Despite its discursive dynamism, Women’s Studies subject is challenged by the paradigmatic shift of gender that has made it insufficient in the content and even in its name. The present study, then, employs the process tracing method based on the records of the Women’s Studies historians to indicate the reflection of women and gender paradigm shifts and their subsequent opportunities and challenges. The process tracing is conducted in three historical phases including binary sex paradigm: women against men (1970-early 1980s), paradigm change from woman to women- women to gender issues (1980s- Mid 1990s), and the dominance of the paradigm of sexual orientation and gender identity (Mid 1990s- Present). To trace this process within the United States is expected to reveal the gender discourse globally.
Women's Studies
Maryam Rafatjah; Abu Ali Vedadhir; Shiva Alinaqian
Abstract
The experiences of women from mothering are influenced by various living conditions and identities which are socially, economically and politically constructed. This paper reviews the viewpoints of different feminist epistemologies about the issue of “mothering” in terms of theory and practice ...
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The experiences of women from mothering are influenced by various living conditions and identities which are socially, economically and politically constructed. This paper reviews the viewpoints of different feminist epistemologies about the issue of “mothering” in terms of theory and practice in order to understand the meanings, assumptions, and implications associated with it, and to find out the historical and theoretical changes of this issue and its impact on political trends and historical transformations. This study based on a historical review of mothering in feminist theory, indicates three paradigms: 1) paradigm of rejection and essentialism including radical and liberal feminism linked to some concepts such patriarchy, oppression and dependence; 2) paradigm of phenomenology including third wave feminism, black feminism, and post-colonial feminism focusing on life experiences and differences; and 3) paradigm of activism, pressure and social change resulted from the theory of maternal thinking and empowered mothering by protesting the discursive patterns of mothering. This introduces restoring authority and legitimacy in mothers and considers the creative and subversive ways of cognition and knowledge in mothering, which can lead to social changes, a widespread development of peace and a more humane world.
