Women's Studies
Nayereh Ahmadi; Touba Shakeri Golpaygani; Shohre Rowshani; Maryam Jamali
Abstract
Women are subjected to distressing circumstances during the decision-making process and in the post-abortion period as a result of intentional abortion. The objective of this investigation is to ascertain the coping mechanisms that women employ when confronted with the consequences of intentional abortion. ...
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Women are subjected to distressing circumstances during the decision-making process and in the post-abortion period as a result of intentional abortion. The objective of this investigation is to ascertain the coping mechanisms that women employ when confronted with the consequences of intentional abortion. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 women who had experienced intentional abortion in Alborz Province in 2024. The findings of this study indicate that women implement a variety of coping strategies when confronted with intentional abortions. These strategies can be classified into four primary approaches: “protective-restorative actions,” “moral reckoning,” “justification-building,” and “comprehensive avoidance.” The “justification-building” approach integrates rational, religious, and social arguments to transform abortion from a stigma to a legitimate and inevitable decision within specific life circumstances. The “comprehensive avoidance” approach serves as a defensive mechanism, employing cognitive-emotional strategies to alleviate the psychological burden of this decision. The “moral reckoning” approach is indicative of the critical reflection and reevaluation of this experience within the context of women’s personal value systems. Finally, “protective-restorative actions” illustrate systematic endeavors to mitigate the repercussions by implementing compensatory and preventative measures. Collectively, these strategies symbolize women’s endeavors to preserve psychosocial equilibrium within the existing cultural, social, and religious context. An evidence framework for the development of comprehensive reproductive policies and targeted psychological interventions in Alborz Province can be established by the study's findings. Such initiatives have the potential to prevent intentional abortions and reduce their negative psychosocial consequences by incorporating the adaptive strategies identified in counseling services.
Women's Studies
Meysam Noori Khanyourdi; Sakineh Lotfi Fard Shokarloo; Mir Hassan Seyyed Ameri; Kamilla Swart
Abstract
Urban branding is a critical component of urban development, as it contributes to economic growth, attracts tourism, and strengthens identity. However, Tehran’s cultural and social assets, particularly women’s participation in athletics, are underutilized as a result of inadequate policymaking, ...
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Urban branding is a critical component of urban development, as it contributes to economic growth, attracts tourism, and strengthens identity. However, Tehran’s cultural and social assets, particularly women’s participation in athletics, are underutilized as a result of inadequate policymaking, limited media coverage, and male-centric perspectives. This study examines the impact of women’s sports participation and its media representation on Tehran’s urban branding. The research is descriptive-survey in method and applied in purpose. Convenience sampling was employed to acquire a total of 342 valid questionnaires from female athletes, coaches, sports managers, and Tehran municipality officials. Standard Likert-scale questionnaires were employed to measure the variables, including urban identity, city image, competitiveness, women’s sports participation, and media coverage. The instruments’ reliability was affirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients that exceeded 0.7, and their validity was verified by sports management experts. The data were analyzed using SPSS-25 and SmartPLS-3, with the bootstrap and Sobel tests being implemented. The results indicated that urban branding was significantly positively impacted by women’s sports participation (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), with media coverage functioning as a mediating factor that exacerbated this relationship (VAF = 15%). The significance of targeted media strategies, the development of sports infrastructure for women, and the creation of opportunities for their participation at various sporting levels to enhance the city brand and accomplish sustainable development is underscored by these findings.
Women's Studies
Zahra Mirhosseini; Narges Mojtahedi
Abstract
In order to investigate the lived experiences of women with respect to the obstacles and difficulties associated with having additional children, this investigation implements a qualitative methodology. The research employs Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis method to analyze the narratives ...
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In order to investigate the lived experiences of women with respect to the obstacles and difficulties associated with having additional children, this investigation implements a qualitative methodology. The research employs Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis method to analyze the narratives of 18 married women residing in Tehran Province, as evidenced by semi-structured interviews. The results indicate four overarching themes: financial and livelihood concerns, attitudinal conflicts regarding reproduction, changes in parental responsibility patterns, and health-related challenges to fertility. These are further articulated through twelve interrelated subthemes: economic instability and household livelihood crisis; anxiety over securing stable employment; concerns about the cost and quality of child-rearing; the influence of consumerism, welfare ideals, and digital media on reproductive decisions; the cultural devaluation of motherhood and stigmatization of large families; existential pessimism toward the meaning of life and procreation; distrust in formal educational institutions; pervasive penetration of virtual space into family dynamics; individualized and unilateral motherhood; psychological exhaustion from role conflicts; unequal access to infertility treatment; and structural shortcomings in health insurance coverage. The most frequently cited and profoundly felt constraint was economic vulnerability. The significance of addressing these multifaceted barriers in population policies is emphasized by the study. In order to be effective and socially responsive, these policies must be concerned with the cultural and affective aspects of reproductive decision-making, in addition to economic reforms.
Women's Studies
Fateme Allahyari; Rasool Norouzi Seyyed Hossini; Mohammad Ehsani; Ghodratollah Bagheri Ragheb
Abstract
Empowering women as a central pillar of sustainable development requires standardized tools to measure its multifaceted dimensions. The objective of this article was to develop a questionnaire that is both valid and dependable in assessing the empowerment of Iranian women. A questionnaire consisting ...
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Empowering women as a central pillar of sustainable development requires standardized tools to measure its multifaceted dimensions. The objective of this article was to develop a questionnaire that is both valid and dependable in assessing the empowerment of Iranian women. A questionnaire consisting of 37 items in seven domains (psychological, decisional, social, gender, economic, health and welfare, and civic empowerment) was designed. Subsequently, the construct validity of the questionnaire was examined using exploratory factor analysis. The instrument's logical structure was demonstrated by the results, which confirmed seven subscales that accounted for 59% of the variance in the data. Finally, the questionnaire’s reliability was verified by calculating a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83 for the entire scale, which suggests that the internal consistency is satisfactory. The validity of the results was enhanced by the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and the utilization of a large sample. This comprehensive questionnaire is capable of measuring the intricate dimensions of women's empowerment in the socio-cultural context of Iran, and by identifying structural challenges, such as socio-cultural barriers, discriminatory laws, and the absence of multi-dimensional, context-specific tools, it identifies the strengths and weaknesses of programs. In contrast, existing tools fail to consider psycho-social dimensions and are not tailored to the context of Persian-speaking societies. The results indicate that this instrument is not only suitable for evaluating the current situation, but it also addresses the gap in previous tools. By identifying the underlying obstacles, it provides the requisite data to revise policies, design multi-dimensional interventions, and monitor progress toward sustainable development goals.
Women's Studies
Bahar Atashkar; Ehsan Aqababaee; Hamidreza Shairi; Taghi Azadarmaki
Abstract
Iran experienced profound sociopolitical and cultural transformations during the 1980s, which were a significant period. This study selected 15 images from 431 images of women found on the front pages of newspapers from the 1980s, employing a qualitative methodology guided by Foucault's discourse theory ...
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Iran experienced profound sociopolitical and cultural transformations during the 1980s, which were a significant period. This study selected 15 images from 431 images of women found on the front pages of newspapers from the 1980s, employing a qualitative methodology guided by Foucault's discourse theory and drawing on the social semiotic framework of Kress and Van Leeuwen. The objective of this study was to examine the dominant discourses in the representation of women and to investigate the ways in which these images reinforced dominant ideological norms. The findings revealed that the representation of women in newspapers was not merely a reflection of dominant values; rather, it was an active process that involved the normalization of defined gender roles, the construction and consolidation of the ideal revolutionary female subject, and the management of identity tensions through the employment of specific visual mechanisms and techniques. The portrayal of women in Iranian periodicals during the 1980s served as a mechanism for the reproduction of dominant discourses, reinforcing revolutionary and Islamic values and portraying women as fervent advocates of the revolution and its core ideals. Additionally, they emphasized the supportive role of women during the Iran-Iraq War. In addition to these representations, there were depictions of women's participation in scientific and managerial disciplines, which indicate a degree of acceptance of new roles for women within the revolutionary society, albeit within the framework of Islamic values. Although the images depicted women as active participants in various domains, they restricted their roles to predefined social and cultural expectations within the Revolutionary-Islamic framework, thereby reinforcing and stabilizing these discourses.
Women's Studies
Fazilat Khodamoradi; Hossein Mirzaei
Abstract
Marriage is a complex social phenomenon that can have varying connotations depending on the context. In cultural contexts where early marriage is prevalent, there are few studies that have investigated the perspectives and attitudes of women regarding the diverse aspects of marriage. Consequently, the ...
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Marriage is a complex social phenomenon that can have varying connotations depending on the context. In cultural contexts where early marriage is prevalent, there are few studies that have investigated the perspectives and attitudes of women regarding the diverse aspects of marriage. Consequently, the current investigation employs a phenomenological approach to conduct a comprehensive analysis and to investigate the various layers of the lived experiences of females under the age of 18 in the context of marital life. To comprehend the broader context of their lives in relation to their early marriage experiences. By employing “purposeful sampling,” the following criteria were established for participant inclusion: residing in Saqqez, being of Kurdish ethnicity, and being under 18 years of age having encountered early marriage. Accordingly, eleven females under the age of 18 who had experienced early marriage were chosen for interviews. The participants’ average age was 17, and they had married at an average age of only 16. The researcher transcribed the interviews after they were recorded and analyzed them using Moustakas' phenomenological analysis method. The primary themes that emerged from the data analysis are as follows: illustrations, entry scenarios, considerations and gender/sexual roles, reactions of those in their vicinity, and the obstacles associated with early marriage. These themes were analyzed and interpreted on three distinct levels: textual, structural, and composite. The researcher initially provided a textual description of the participants’ experiences, utilizing meaningful phrases and themes. These phrases and themes were also employed to compose a descriptive account of the context or background that influences the participants’ experiences of the phenomenon (structural description). The researcher concluded by offering a composite description.
Women's Studies
Zahra Ghiafeh Davoudi; Ehsan Chitsaz; Maryam Seyfikar Qomi
Abstract
The economic and social development of society is significantly influenced by the contributions of women. Their presence not only enhances the financial status of families but also promotes diversity and innovation in the labor market and society. However, numerous obstacles arise for mothers with children ...
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The economic and social development of society is significantly influenced by the contributions of women. Their presence not only enhances the financial status of families but also promotes diversity and innovation in the labor market and society. However, numerous obstacles arise for mothers with children under the age of three when they attempt to resume their professional and social responsibilities. The current study investigates the influence of the “Trust Yourself” coaching approach on the social engagement and entrepreneurship of mothers. Two groups were utilized in this quasi-experimental investigation: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was composed of mothers who participated in 8 virtual coaching appointments, while the control group received only an introductory session. The intervention was preceded and followed by the collection of data through online questionnaires.Coaching was found to be an effective tool for empowering mothers and facilitating their return to society and the labor market, as evidenced by the reduction of limiting beliefs and the increase in the participation of mothers in social activities and entrepreneurship. These findings are consistent with previous research on coaching and the transformation of negative mental patterns. Coaching assisted mothers in playing an active role in society by changing limiting beliefs and strengthening self-efficacy.
Women's Studies
Hamed Shiri; Yaghoub Ahmadi; Bahar Shariati; Leila Khodavirdi
Abstract
Despite extensive social, economic, and cultural changes in recent decades, domestic work remains the primary responsibility and cultural norm for many women, including those who are employed. The personal and professional quality of life, satisfaction, and mental and social well-being of working women ...
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Despite extensive social, economic, and cultural changes in recent decades, domestic work remains the primary responsibility and cultural norm for many women, including those who are employed. The personal and professional quality of life, satisfaction, and mental and social well-being of working women are significantly influenced by their social and familial obligations. The present study employs a phenomenological approach to investigate the lived experiences and narratives of employed women in relation to domestic work, their navigation of role duality, and its repercussions within this framework. The theoretical context is based on feminist interpretations of gender inequality, role conflict, and social roles. This research employs a qualitative interpretive phenomenological approach, utilizing in-depth interviews with 15 employed women from the public and private sectors in the city of Marivan (Iran). The women were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. The results indicate that, for employed women, “domestic work as an inescapable responsibility” is a dual social identity. As a result, this paradoxical situation subjects them to “the responsibilities of dual labor and role strain.” The findings also emphasize that domestic work is imposed on women as a feminine obligation under the reign of “patriarchal traditions,” whereas employment is perceived as a deliberate and autonomous “tool for resistance.” Improving the conditions of women necessitates the realization of gender equality through gradual steps toward structural reform and the cultivation of a collaborative and egalitarian culture.
Women's Studies
Behrouz Sadeghi Amroabadi; Amir Hossein Montazer-Hojat; Sajad Bahmani; Ahmad SalahManesh; Faezeh Amraii
Abstract
Cooperatives have been a subject of interest to policymakers in the field of poverty alleviation for a long time. They are capable of empowering women who are the chiefs of households, which is a significant aspect of poverty in Khuzestan Province. Therefore, the primary inquiry of this investigation ...
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Cooperatives have been a subject of interest to policymakers in the field of poverty alleviation for a long time. They are capable of empowering women who are the chiefs of households, which is a significant aspect of poverty in Khuzestan Province. Therefore, the primary inquiry of this investigation is: What are the most critical cooperative development strategies for the alleviation of poverty among women who are the leaders of households in Khuzestan Province? The research employs a futures research approach and scenario-building method with the Scenario Wizard software, and is founded on documentary studies and expert opinions. In 2024, the experts consisted of 40 academics, executive management, and administrators of women's cooperatives in Khuzestan Province. Non-probability judgmental sampling was implemented. Four scenarios were identified by the results. The first part of the scenario includes the two most desirable scenarios (all factors, with favorable conditions), as well as suitable economic conditions with the support of the authorities and the development of infrastructure. The second scenario is solely in the culture component and considers static conditions. The third scenario suggests that the current situation be maintained while strengthening infrastructure and empowering women under static conditions. The crisis scenario illustrates the unfavorable situation of women's cooperatives. The most critical attributes include the following: improving the quality of women's education, enhancing the level of support through educational infrastructure and the presence of women, focusing on cultural issues that are relevant to the advancement of women's work, and increasing attention to the cooperative sector in the economy and the opinion of the authorities.
Women's Studies
Nasibeh Esmaeili; Hajieh Bibi Razeghi Nasrabad
Abstract
The division of gender roles within households has been identified as a critical factor influencing fertility decisions and behaviors, as evidenced by the decline in fertility rates below the replacement level. The objective of this paper is to investigate and anticipate the impact of the division ...
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The division of gender roles within households has been identified as a critical factor influencing fertility decisions and behaviors, as evidenced by the decline in fertility rates below the replacement level. The objective of this paper is to investigate and anticipate the impact of the division of gender roles in households on the reproductive behavior of women in Tehran province using agent-based modeling (ABM) tools. Data from the 2017 Iran Fertility Transition Survey (IFTS) has been utilized for this purpose. The simulation results suggest that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Tehran province will decrease to 1.06 children by 2029, with a projected precipitous decline in fertility rates over the next decade. Furthermore, the AnyLogic software was employed to implement scenarios that examined the consequences of both reducing and increasing men's involvement in domestic work division. According to these simulations, if male participation decreases by 15%, the TFR could fall to 1.03 children. Conversely, if male participation increases by 15%, the TFR could rise to 1.09 children by 2029. Based on these findings, the recommendations section underscores the necessity for family-friendly policies that prioritize cultural and social values that encourage males to participate in household responsibilities. The objective of this method is to mitigate gender inequality and establish an environment that is conducive to the growth of fertility rates.
Women's Studies
Marzieh Shakeri HosseinAbad; Zahra Nasrollahi
Abstract
Suicide is a public health concern. The family and society are impacted by the consequences of suicide, despite the fact that it is committed by an individual. Therefore, considering the importance of this phenomenon, researchers have endeavored to investigate factors affecting suicide from various the ...
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Suicide is a public health concern. The family and society are impacted by the consequences of suicide, despite the fact that it is committed by an individual. Therefore, considering the importance of this phenomenon, researchers have endeavored to investigate factors affecting suicide from various the economic and social aspects. While previous research has investigated the impact of a variety of variables on suicide, researchers in Iran have neglected to consider the effect of women’s relative position in various fields with the interpretation of gender equality. According to the available literature, this phenomenon can affect suicide. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to examine the factors that contribute to suicide, with an emphasis on the women’s position compared to men in the education and labor market sectors from 2016 to 2022. In the provinces, the results of this research indicate that the ratio of women to men students has a positive and significant impact on suicide. However, the ratio of women’s economic participation to men due to factors such as increased access to resources for the family and reduced financial stress has a negative and significant impact on suicide. The findings indicate the importance of policymakers’ attention to women’s position in various fields, including education and the labor market.
Women's Studies
Chnour Enayatzadeh; Marzieh Mousavi Khameneh; Yaghoob Mousavi
Abstract
In researching urban space research, it is important to take into account not only the space itself but also the individuals who use it and their actual behaviors. The current study concentrates on the women of Saqqez city in order to illustrate the experiences of women in public spaces and the manner ...
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In researching urban space research, it is important to take into account not only the space itself but also the individuals who use it and their actual behaviors. The current study concentrates on the women of Saqqez city in order to illustrate the experiences of women in public spaces and the manner in which they utilize and negotiate these spaces within gender, class, and socio-spatial hierarchies. The phenomenological approach was selected to provide a more detailed and in-depth report of individuals' experiences, as one of the numerous qualitative research approaches to investigate women's lived experiences of urban public spaces. This research examined women who resided in Saqqez city and had encountered public spaces. Purposive sampling is the sampling method employed in phenomenology, which involves the selection of individuals who possess knowledge of the pertinent phenomena to facilitate the comprehension of the actual experiences of women in the public context. The descriptive phenomenological method of Collaizi was employed to analyze the research data, which was expanded to include 20 participants. The results of the study are presented in the following seven themes: “Public-Private Space Interaction,” “Spatial Boundaries,” “From Necessity to the Pleasure of Presence,” “Spatial Inclusion and Exclusion,” “From Presence Stereotypes to Spatial Resistance,” and “Sense of Place.” The 19 thematic categories that comprised “perception of the city and the ideal female model” were comprehensively described.
Women's Studies
Maryam Ahmadinejad; Elahe Marandi
Abstract
Despite the accepted fact that the ideal family, as the foundation and main cell of society, has a direct impact on the progress of society, today, we are confronted with significant threats to the foundation of the family as a result of the disparity between the performance of certain societies and ...
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Despite the accepted fact that the ideal family, as the foundation and main cell of society, has a direct impact on the progress of society, today, we are confronted with significant threats to the foundation of the family as a result of the disparity between the performance of certain societies and moral-religious traditions. A hazard that has been significantly de-stigmatized in recent years is the unconventional and unnatural sexual tendencies of individuals toward their own sex. We have observed that numerous international authorities in their jurisprudence do not exhibit discrimination or inequality toward civil institutions that are established based on unconventional sexual tendencies, despite the strong and emphatic prohibition of religions, particularly Islam, against unconventional sexual tendencies. They equate these institutions with the sacred institution of the family. This unnatural perspective has had such a profound impact on them that, in addition to eliminating historical punishments for this immoral activity, they have criminalized opposition to homosexuality as hatred. This has advanced to the extent that certain countries have even acknowledged “marriage,” a term that is historically and naturally associated with relationships between men and women, for relationships that are based on aberrant sexual tendencies. This is despite the fact that homosexuality, or unconventional and unnatural sexual tendencies, has been regarded as ugly, disgusting, and unnatural throughout history. In Islamic teachings, it is also referred to as prostitution and is considered one of the major sins that has been assigned the most severe punitive measures.
Women's Studies
Amir Asgari; Sahebeh Masoudi; Maedeh Taghizadeh Tabarsi
Abstract
Women's empowerment is a critical topic included in a wide range of programs and policies of various institutions worldwide. Despite this, research in cognitive sciences, particularly regarding cognition and cognitive abilities, has often been overlooked in many of these policies. This research aims ...
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Women's empowerment is a critical topic included in a wide range of programs and policies of various institutions worldwide. Despite this, research in cognitive sciences, particularly regarding cognition and cognitive abilities, has often been overlooked in many of these policies. This research aims to bridge this gap by providing a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies. It employs a two-step method comprising a scoping review and content analysis. The study's findings include 18 key elements of women's empowerment derived from cognitive studies and a conceptual framework. These results can guide experts, researchers, and policymakers interested in empowerment, governance, and women's issues in their decision-making processes. Additionally, this research advocates for the creation of a network of related concepts, facilitating collaboration and knowledge sharing.The significance of this study extends to applied research, aiming to connect different fields of governance and cognitive science. It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing complex issues and identifies conceptual gaps that can inspire further research. By doing so, it opens new pathways for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, offering a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between cognitive sciences and women's empowerment. This comprehensive approach not only enriches the academic discourse but also has practical implications for policy and governance, ultimately contributing to more effective and inclusive empowerment strategies.
Women's Studies
Zahra Sadat Mirhashemi
Abstract
In Islamic jurisprudence, domestic labor performed by women is not considered obligatory; therefore, the law grants them the right to demand compensation for their services.However, traditional culture disregards the rights of women; thus, the present study seeks to elucidate the impact and correlation ...
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In Islamic jurisprudence, domestic labor performed by women is not considered obligatory; therefore, the law grants them the right to demand compensation for their services.However, traditional culture disregards the rights of women; thus, the present study seeks to elucidate the impact and correlation between policy formulation to enforce the decree regarding the remuneration of female housewives, the enhancement of family strength, and the resolution of practical challenges pertaining to women's rights. The research employs a descriptive approach and utilizes documentary study methodology. Its findings suggest that the inadequate remuneration and status of women housewives in traditional society contribute significantly to various challenges, including discouragement from participating in economic endeavors beyond the household and a decline in the fertility rate. However, these issues can be mitigated through the judicious implementation of the policy derived from the right to demand wages that the Islamic legislator has incorporated. The housewife is a preventative measure that grants women financial security and independence, while also encouraging them to devote more time to their families and childrearing. Consequently, in light of population growth and the family-oriented development model, it is critical to contemplate the suitable framework and cultural basis for the complete adoption of the adage “housewife wage.”
Women's Studies
Abolhasan Aminmoghaddasi; Ali Afzali; narges bigdeli
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, the intellectual endeavors of women have introduced fresh insights into the realm of human knowledge and sparked numerous significant inquiries. Feminist criticism scrutinizes the position of women along two dimensions: the authorial persona (the depiction of women in literary ...
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Over the past two centuries, the intellectual endeavors of women have introduced fresh insights into the realm of human knowledge and sparked numerous significant inquiries. Feminist criticism scrutinizes the position of women along two dimensions: the authorial persona (the depiction of women in literary works) and the constructed persona (the representation of women in the works of authors). The protagonist of al-Tawaf Hayat al-Jamar, which is regarded as the first female novel in Oman, is a victim of men in life (patriarchal system of prejudices and traditions). Through a deconstructive lens, this modernist novel attempts to call into question the dichotomy that exists between men and women. Consequently, the female protagonist perceives her status and sense of self as outcomes of the patriarchal social structures established by males and male authority. The present study employed the analytical descriptive method to examine the three axes of imitation, protest, and self-discovery as they pertain to the protagonist of the novel. The research findings indicate that the novel's feminist nature is primarily influenced by elements such as protest, self-expression, violence, the repression of feminine inclinations, and the breaking of taboos. However, it is worth noting that the novel also exhibits signs of self-awareness. However, through the author's decision to isolate the hero, he is prevented from reaching the critical juncture of self-exploration and developing a distinct identity, which is devoid of imitation and opposition.
Women's Studies
Faeze Zamanian; Majid Vesalinaseh; Elham Forouzandeh
Abstract
The objective of this research was to examine the manner in which exceptional female soccer players navigate the intersection of their feminine and athletic personas both within and beyond the realm of athletics. Phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research procedure, was employed in this investigation. ...
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The objective of this research was to examine the manner in which exceptional female soccer players navigate the intersection of their feminine and athletic personas both within and beyond the realm of athletics. Phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research procedure, was employed in this investigation. In order to collect data, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was carried out with eight female soccer players aged 19-27 who were members of the Iranian Super League. Utilizing the theoretical sampling procedure, data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Following recording, each interview was transcribed by hand, line by line. Analysis of findings was conducted both during and subsequent to data collection. Certain participants held the perception that their feminine and athletic personas were harmonious in social and athletic settings. As reported by other participants, athleticism and femininity are diametrically opposed. Three overarching experiences are employed to address this incompatibility. 1. disclosing their feminine identities in social contexts and their athletic identities in sports contexts. 2.emphasizing the feminine characteristic in both settings. 3. emphasizing the athletic brand in both contexts. To alleviate the negative tensions and pressures caused by this conflict, female soccer players manage their feminine or athletic identities through appearance and body management, including apparel, makeup, hair and body manipulation, behavior, tone of voice, and gender role tasks. Perceptions of the (in)congruence between the athletic and feminine identities of female soccer players and the type of body management they employed were found to overlap.
Women's Studies
moslem taheri; atefeh andarza
Abstract
The Qur'an, serving as the primary source of guidance for Muslims, offers a comprehensive framework that safeguards the rights of mothers and provides counsel on a multitude of facets pertaining to the lives of mothers. The 21st principle underscores the government's responsibility to ensure women's ...
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The Qur'an, serving as the primary source of guidance for Muslims, offers a comprehensive framework that safeguards the rights of mothers and provides counsel on a multitude of facets pertaining to the lives of mothers. The 21st principle underscores the government's responsibility to ensure women's rights in accordance with Islamic principles. This includes providing assistance to mothers, particularly during pregnancy and child custody matters, and appointing guardianship of children to deserving mothers as compensation for their envy in the event of Although it was not, it is nonetheless regarded as Shari'i.Consequently, the right to custody is governed by Article 1169 BC, Article 946 BC governs the right to the mother's inheritance, and Article 1107 BC governs the right to the mother's alimony. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the Quranic underpinnings of maternal rights from a social perspective, in accordance with clause 2 of Article 21 of the Constitution. Consequently, the objective of this article is to analyze the Quranic underpinnings of certain societal rights pertaining to mothers, as explicated in the Quran and the Iranian legal system in a thoroughly documented and argued fashion. Through an analysis of the Qur'anic verses in conjunction with Clause 2, Article 21 of the Constitution concerning the social rights of the mother, it was determined that these rights are consistent with the principles outlined in the Quran.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Reza Ghaeminik; Hoda Mostafaei
Abstract
The implementation of development programs of the second Pahlavi is analyzed from an economic or political view, while they are implied in the field of culture. The Iranian woman's identity has undergone changes under the influence of these cultural development policies. In this article, we study the ...
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The implementation of development programs of the second Pahlavi is analyzed from an economic or political view, while they are implied in the field of culture. The Iranian woman's identity has undergone changes under the influence of these cultural development policies. In this article, we study the representation of female identity in the movies of this period with the aim of investigating the changes of that. Considering that this representation was made under the programs of capitalist development, the theoretical framework of Adorno and Horkheimer's cultural industry from the Frankfurt school was used to critically show the representation of the implications of capitalist development on the cultural industry in the cinema of this period. In accordance with the framework of the Frankfurt school, the critical discourse analysis method of Laclau and Mouffe was used to identify the discursive changes of this representation in different periods of production and distribution of cinematographic works. Based on the findings of the research, four discourses have been identified from the beginning of the second Pahlavi period to 1327, the implementation of the construction program (1327-1343), the Ministry of Mehrdad Pahlabad (1343 to 1357) and the emerging discourse of the "new wave of Iranian cinema" (1340-1357). The analysis of these discourses shows that the representation of female identity in the cinema of this period has gradually changed from the traditional veiled identity to a more naked western identity, and the latter identity has been represented as the identity of the progressive and developed class.
Women's Studies
Sahar Tabrizi; Golamreza Tabrizikahou; Maliheh Boroumand Mahmoudabadi
Abstract
As the percentage of women assuming the role of household leaders rises, there is a prevailing consensus to lend them support. Determining their experience of social support phenomenologically is the objective of the present study. The investigation utilized the phenomenological method. In 1400, twenty-one ...
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As the percentage of women assuming the role of household leaders rises, there is a prevailing consensus to lend them support. Determining their experience of social support phenomenologically is the objective of the present study. The investigation utilized the phenomenological method. In 1400, twenty-one female heads of household in Mashhad participated in semi-structured interviews; the resulting data were subsequently analyzed using MAXQDA software. Three entities provide assistance to female heads of household: family, friends, and governmental organizations. Often, family support is both financial and emotional. Companionship and friends offer practical, financial, and emotional assistance, while governmental bodies and organizations prioritize monetary support. However, these assistance programs—consisting primarily of low-interest loans—will contribute to the perpetuation of poverty if not accompanied by policies that target and alleviate poverty. Widows initially require emotional support before progressing to requiring financial, material, and informational resources. Following financial support, divorced women require emotional support. Financial, informational, instrumental, and emotional autonomy are all essential for single women. Because mistrust, particularly towards men, constitutes the foundation of each of these women's living space, conformity and aloofness serve as the primary tenets of their social connections. The findings revealed that female heads of household encounter numerous obstacles in their personal and social spheres, necessitating assistance. Nevertheless, policymakers must be concerned with the manner in which these supports are delivered in order to prevent it from becoming a "social issue" and to mitigate social harm.
Women's Studies
Hossein Moshkabadi Mohajer; Zeinab Moshkabadi Mohajer
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men.
The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. ...
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This study investigates the effect of socioeconomic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of Covid-19, with a focus on gender segregation between two groups of women and men.
The data for this article were gathered through the administration of questionnaires. SPSS software was utilized to analyze the regressions related to the status of income, savings, and employment. The investigation encompasses a statistical population of 1093 individuals, of which 523 are women and 570 are men at the 95% confidence level, the results of the regression analysis indicate that households with more members, tenants, and older individuals have all experienced a decline in income and savings, with males being disproportionately affected. Enhancing socioeconomic status, education, and income class has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of Corona. Specifically, women experience a greater reduction in damage than males in this regard. Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were disproportionately impacted by Corona than government and salaried positions. Given the significance of employment in both the public and private sectors within Iranian society, it was deliberated in this domain. In this regard, females have incurred a greater number of occupational injuries and losses than males. Hence, it can be asserted that employed women hold occupations that are more precarious in nature compared to employed men, and in times of emergencies such as the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, they will endure a greater degree of occupational harm.
Women's Studies
Mahnaz Farahmand; Somaieh Saadatifar; Fatemeh Danafar
Abstract
Children are the most vulnerable groups in society, and their adult standing is profoundly influenced by their formative experiences, mindset, and quality of interactions.The aim of the current research is to investigate the lived experiences of the childhood of imprisoned women and its continuation ...
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Children are the most vulnerable groups in society, and their adult standing is profoundly influenced by their formative experiences, mindset, and quality of interactions.The aim of the current research is to investigate the lived experiences of the childhood of imprisoned women and its continuation in their current situation. This research is a qualitative study and has been conducted using hermeneutic phenomenology method.The data of the study was collected using the theoretical sampling method with 25 women prisoners in the city of Karaj, with in-depth interviews, and finally, the collected data were encoded and analyzed in the form of 6 main themes and 24 sub-themes.The results of the research show that the experiences of insecurity, regret and failure, homelessness and lack of family support are among the adverse childhood experiences of imprisoned women.The interpretation of the imprisoned women from their childhood is as a dangerous life world, which continues in adulthood with the continuation of mental turmoil, stress and aggression, the continuation of childhood actions, delinquency and connection with the networks of deviation, the continuation of a tense family, incompatibility with the spouse and the absence of maternal affection.They believe that, like other children, they have not been able to use their capacities and have been abused by their parents and close friends. According to them, the prison and the violation of their adulthood is the continuation and repetition of their childhood violations. Finally, it is suggested to provide the necessary training by the responsible organizations, including mass media, family support centers, counseling, etc., in order to improve the mental health, increase awareness, and improve the performance of imprisoned women.
Women's Studies
Parvaneh Alaie; Maryam Hokmabadi Goshuni
Abstract
In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in 2019. The limitation of screening is mentioned in this project. The purpose of this ...
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In recent years, due to the decrease in the rate of childbearing, efforts have been made in the policy system, among which we can mention the plan for the youth of the population and support for the family approved in 2019. The limitation of screening is mentioned in this project. The purpose of this research is to identify the individual-social considerations of eliminating the screening of pregnant mothers before the birth of a child. The method is qualitative and its approach is phenomenology. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with mothers who have a disabled child and who visited the rehabilitation center for speech therapy and occupational therapy classes. The data were classified into two groups, individual and social. Individual issues include educational problems, lack of information and ignorance, feelings and emotions, communication issues. The social part includes social labeling and social support. As a result the presence of a sick child in the family has many effects on all aspects of the life of the family members, especially the mother. It is hoped that the results can be effective in reducing public concerns in such a way that policies related to population increase work more successfully and The psycho-social challenges of the screening of pregnant mothers before the birth of the child should be better answered. In the end, the efforts made will be reflected in the increase of healthy population, Until the correct legislation is realized in line with the interests of the nation and the government.
Women's Studies
Ahmad Kalateh Sadati; Fatemeh Adelkhah; Faezeh Shamsaddin Qotrom
Abstract
Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. ...
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Puberty is a biological, complex and a social constract phenomena which is experienced diffently among girls. Daughters with Single Fathers can have a different experience of puberty. This issue can be related to the quality of the father's and other family members' interaction with the girl's puberty. In the absence of mothers, daughters of Single Fathers have several problems. They don’t have a clue and a pattern of female for a successful passage through puberty. The main question of the current research is to explore the experience of puberty among daughters of Single Fathers. For this purpose, the challenges of the health behaviors of these groups’ daughters during menstruation, their understanding of puberty and their experience about the subject were also studied under the main objective. This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2022-2023 in Yazd. The participants are 10 girls aged 13-16 from Yazd who have lived with their father for more than 6 months. Sampling was done purposefully in schools. The participants cooperated with us voluntarily, in order to achieve maximum diversity, the samples were selected from different schools. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews in the teachers’ room. Using thematic analysis method for data analysis. Using the theme analysis method, the patterns and themes in the qualitative data were identified. The explored themes of the research showed that puberty and its experience among the daughters under fathers’ custody is a masculine thing which is related to the way the father behaves. The experience of puberty is closely related to the father's behavior. This means that the father's attitude and behavior in this field can bring different experiences for the participants. Fathers who try to understand the issue correctly and accept it and are in line to support their daughter, help a lot to accept the issue in their youth. Unlike those fathers who are indifferent to the issue and neglect it, he has turned puberty into a problematic phenomenon in which the girl experiences a sense of shame and secrecy, and in some cases, a decrease in self-confidence and disgust from this natural phenomenon. The three themes which explored are: supportive father, neglectful father and problematic puberty. The experience of puberty among girls with fathers’ custody is more related to the father's point of view and the role of fatherhood. This shows that in these cases puberty experience is more social than biological. In fact, the girl's puberty experience is a social, masculine and paternal thing that is related with social and cultural values. The problematization of puberty and menstruation in families where the mother is not present and the society is taboo is more, which is the result of lack of knowledge about the natural mechanism of the body, necessary care during menstruation, etc. It is suggested that due to the expansion of single-parent families especially fathers, education about puberty and menstrual health should be promoted in schools, educational booklets for girls and fathers about menstruation should be published, and open and honest communication between fathers and daughters should be encouraged.
Women's Studies
Hamideh Dabbaghi; Kosar Mohammadi; Somayeh Jamshidi
Abstract
The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic ...
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The division of domestic labor or the distribution of responsibilities and necessary tasks for maintaining the home and family members has historically evolved since the industrialization period and has had important as a social phenomenon in academic discussions since the 1970s. Social and economic contexts have always influenced the relationships and interactions between men and women and their gender roles in the family. They have regulated the relationships between them throughout the history of family development. This paper describes the women's experience of domestic labor division with their husbands in the family. In addition, analytical concepts such as gender equality in the division of domestic labor, economic dependency, and gender deviation neutralization (in gender roles) under the theory of relative resources have been used. Also, the thematic analysis method and semi-structured interviews with 15 women, including employed women and housewives in the age groups of 20 to 60 years used in this paper. Then interviews were analyzed by Max QDA 2018 software to extract the relationship pattern of couples in the division of domestic labor. The findings indicate the extraction of 2 main themes of non-participation in the division of domestic labor and participation in the division of domestic labor, seven sub-themes including stubborn femininity, hegemonic masculinity, favorable or unfavorable obvious challenge, economic triangulation, passive/hidden resistance, gradual participation of men. and equality in relations, and 228 concepts. stubborn femininity or hidden feminism theme refers to the power and dominance of women in the family. The second theme refers to self-sufficiency because of absence of a man at home, the man's imprisonment, the man's incapacity, or the death of a man are forced to take care of and breadwinner. In relationships based on persuasion, women accept more tasks because of some reasonable evaluation of men’s function during other areas. The economic triangulation of women is a form of the relationship between men and women when they are equal in strength and power. Women’s hidden and passive resistance gradually causes men to participate in household chores. In gradual participation, men learn to participate in household chores through socialization from the group of relatives and friends and the assignment of partial and incremental tasks from the woman to the man. The last theme of couples' relationships is based on the understanding or extensive participation of men and women in household chores which ends to equal involvement. Both men and women try to participate intellectually, emotionally, psychologically, and behaviorally and experience gender roles as much as possible. The variety of types introduced in the Iranian family shows the change and evolution in the traditional Iranian society and the agency and rethinking by women in gender roles and the division of conventional domestic work.However, regarding the causes and contexts of the formation of this ideal relationship between the studied couples, it is not possible to refer to foreign studies and the experiences of women in other countries, such as Eastern European countries and France, which are based on egalitarian ideas through the promotion of women's participation in the workforce or countries with family policies such as Norway and gender ideology, he said. Instead, the ethnic, cultural, and social diversity under the macro-policy strategies in the field of the Iranian family under Islamic thought and influenced by the characteristic of collectivism in the Iranian culture creates a different experience for Iranian women and can be a debatable issue in future studies. But what can be accepted without a doubt is that Iranian women are entering a process of rethinking the division of work and power in the family and the beginning of the process of redistributing family responsibilities.
