Women's Studies
Zahra Farazizade; Mahbobe Babaei
Abstract
The theme of leisure, spent by different groups of people, and its possible consequences, suggest new ways in human life. Leisure with all cultural, social, political and economic aspects, is important free time spent in different time periods and spaces by all groups of society in many ways. Understanding ...
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The theme of leisure, spent by different groups of people, and its possible consequences, suggest new ways in human life. Leisure with all cultural, social, political and economic aspects, is important free time spent in different time periods and spaces by all groups of society in many ways. Understanding how to spend leisure time among different people can be a basis for the analysis of social trends and changes. Women's Leisure in rural community has less been considered. In the present study, the situation of rural women's leisure in Hasan Abad in the Delfan was studied. In this study, leisure time among different generations and with respect to having agricultural land and water was assessed using qualitative method. Techniques such as participant observation, interviews and focus group discussions with twenty-two of the rural women for data collection and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. Based on the results, the change of seasons, possession of farmland, water, livestock and poultry determine the amount of leisure time in rural women. The types of leisure activities and the amount of time allocated to them in different generations of rural women in comparison to the past have changed. As young rural women have little interest in carrying out agricultural activities because of changing values compared to other generations, there is more leisure time for them. Also, the type of leisure activities as a result of new developments, have changed. Middle-aged women in productive activities, market and non-market have the greatest participation, and consequently, their leisure activities are mainly focused on refreshment. Older women are involved in productive activities, market and non-market, and their leisure activities are focused on facilitation life in the village. They, in their leisure time, produce skin rugs, cotton and yarn.
kiyoumars zarafshani; amir hossein ali baygi; mojgan faghiri
Abstract
Empowering rural women is one of the third millennium goals. To this end it was proposed to allot micro credits to rural women in order to provide the required capital to launch productive careers. Now after a decade from the establishment of micro credit funds in Iran, only few researches have been ...
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Empowering rural women is one of the third millennium goals. To this end it was proposed to allot micro credits to rural women in order to provide the required capital to launch productive careers. Now after a decade from the establishment of micro credit funds in Iran, only few researches have been done to give a rank to them. The present research is conducted through survey method to rank micro credit funds based on empowering rural women of Kermanshah using Bartlett table and systematic random sampling for which 183 women members of this fund were selected. The ranking results show that from economic aspect: Fash (Kangavar), Tamarg, Pariveh (Mersin) have achieved the places first to third, in terms of empowering women goals. From social aspect: Fash, Pariveh and Gheitas Abad were placed first to third. From family aspect: members of Fash Fund, Pariveh, and Kooseh vand were ranked first to third. According to the results, since the authorities of the funds can play a key role in the success of funds it is recommended to the Office for Rural Women’s Affairs that the authorities of funds are selected based on the votes of the members and criteria like: education, age, etc.
Women's Studies
Majid Kafi; Leila Bahmani; Maryam Sadat Delavar
Abstract
The present study is based on the assumption that the more the women enjoy the cultural capital, the higher their position in the power structure of the family and the more their bargaining power will become. For evaluating the aforementioned theory, the required data were attained through survey methodology ...
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The present study is based on the assumption that the more the women enjoy the cultural capital, the higher their position in the power structure of the family and the more their bargaining power will become. For evaluating the aforementioned theory, the required data were attained through survey methodology and questionnaire tool and a sample size of 385 married women residing in Shiraz was selected. The sampling method was multistage random and random and for analyzing the data and testing the theories, the statistical methods of correlation coefficient, multivariable regression, and path analysis were used. The findings show a significant relationship between the types of cultural capital (institutionalized, embodied, and objectified) and the women's power in family; which means that by increasing the types of cultural capital in women, their power would increase too. Amongst the whole underlying variables, men's education, women's employment and family dimension suggest a significant relationship with the women's power. The results of regressive coefficients show that three variables of employment, family members, and cultural capital play a role according to their importance in determining the dependent variable and in general, they describe 40% of the dependent variable of the variance (R2= 0.40).
Marzieh Movafagh; Rasool Nazari; naser shahriary
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions of glass ceiling on women's management in sports. The present study follows the interpretive paradigm and inductive logic with a qualitative approach. Using a combination of previous studies in the last 10 years, a total of 163 studies have been ...
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The purpose of this study is to explain the dimensions of glass ceiling on women's management in sports. The present study follows the interpretive paradigm and inductive logic with a qualitative approach. Using a combination of previous studies in the last 10 years, a total of 163 studies have been extracted from various databases in both English and Persian. The criteria for entering research for analysis closely follow the main question of the research. They entail using interviews to gather information from specific participants, using theoretical saturation to determine the participants themselves, and using coding for analysis. Finally, eight studies are selected with the necessary criteria, and analyzed using content analysis technique. The central category of the present study, based on the glass ceiling of women's management in sports, is consisted of five main categories and 14 sub-categories. The main categories include: prevalence of patriarchal culture in society, lack of trust in society in women's empowerment, disregard for macro-policies in the development of women's sports, women's low self-esteem in the development of women's sports, incompatibility of women's work, and personal environment. Given the dimensions of glass ceiling of women's management in sports, the criteria for selecting management positions in sports organizations are not fair for cultural and personal reasons. Extensive studies in this field should be conducted to change the attitudes toward women and their capabilities.
Sociology
Mohammad Eshaghi; Seyede Fateme Mohebi; Sharbanou Papynezhad; Zeinab Jahandar
Abstract
In recent decades, the fertility rate in Iran has gone through dramatic changes due to different reasons. One of these reasons is women’s increasing participation in the workforce and modern employment which has imposed changes to the childbearing behavior. On the other hand, working women face ...
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In recent decades, the fertility rate in Iran has gone through dramatic changes due to different reasons. One of these reasons is women’s increasing participation in the workforce and modern employment which has imposed changes to the childbearing behavior. On the other hand, working women face different challenges regarding childbearing. The present qualitative study investigates the childbearing challenges for working women using grounded theory approach and purposive sampling. The participants were 24 married women working in both governmental and nongovernmental organizations (age range: 24 to 36). The data was collected through deep semi-structured interviews. Some of the main questions in this study included the determining factors in childbearing challenges for working women, the working women’s approaches to face the challenges of childbearing and the consequences of this situation. The results show that working women face challenges both inside and outside their jobs in regard to childbearing, which force them to choose low fertility as their lifestyle. The participants viewed low fertility as an inseparable part of the modern social behavior and lifestyle.
Javad Emamjomehzadeh; Havva Ebrahimipour; MahmoudReza Rahbarghazi; Morteza Noeibaghban
Abstract
Political participation can be considered as one of the indices in social and political development in different countries. Women, who are commonly included in a society, can have essential roles to control a community and its political, social and cultural developments as well. Therefore investigating ...
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Political participation can be considered as one of the indices in social and political development in different countries. Women, who are commonly included in a society, can have essential roles to control a community and its political, social and cultural developments as well. Therefore investigating women's political behavior is especially important to political and dynamical stabilities. The objective of the present paper has been to study the relation between political culture and female students' political deportments in Isfahan. The method used to collect and analyze data is geodesic. The research was done by participating 384 Isfahani female students. The results showed a significant relationship among political culture dimensions (such as cognitive biases; emotional and evaluation biases), political behavior dimensions (voting and political activities during election) and non-election political activities (communicate with authorities, complaining and being a member in political groups).
Behjat Hajian; Vahid Ghasemi; ali rabani; Effat Merghati Khoie
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the process of constructing sexual understanding of adolescent girls in Isfahan after facing the sexual world. This research has been carried out with the method of Grounded Theory and in a constructivist approach. Participants in the study were adolescent girls aged ...
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The aim of this paper is to study the process of constructing sexual understanding of adolescent girls in Isfahan after facing the sexual world. This research has been carried out with the method of Grounded Theory and in a constructivist approach. Participants in the study were adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 years in Isfahan. The study has conducted by sequential purposive sampling method including snowball sampling and theoretical sampling, to examine the process of sexual understanding in adolescent girl's lived experience from their first facing with the sexual world so far. The technique used in the research was Intensive and narrative interviews, which helped us to achieve theoretical saturation by conducting 3 introductory and 24 final interviews. Based on the research findings, the process of facing Isfahan adolescent girls with the sexual world -from childhood to the present- was recognized in three categories of "problemati facing with the sexual world", "the age-based sexual understanding", and "disambiguation of sexual understanding". The connection between these concepts reflects the historicity of individual and social sexuality and fluidity in the construction of sexual understanding, and narrow this process from the initial facing with the sexual world to the constant access to new information, and reflexivity in thoughts, attitudes, and understanding in the light of cultural scenarios, interpersonal, and intrapsychic scripts until the interview time.
Women's Studies
Rahele Kardavani
Abstract
One of the most important issues in social service patterns, as the central place in status of gender in the welfare state, is the situation of women in the labor market, and in particular is the policy of childcare for working mothers. This is problematic topic in various aspects of the family and society ...
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One of the most important issues in social service patterns, as the central place in status of gender in the welfare state, is the situation of women in the labor market, and in particular is the policy of childcare for working mothers. This is problematic topic in various aspects of the family and society and, therefore, is the basis for creating wide disagreements in the views, positions and policy strategies. One of the most important ways of understanding the deficiencies and strategies for improving childcare policies is to study the experiences of working mothers of these policies. They are the most relevant group with these policies. This research is based on the phenomenological method and the data have been collected from a sample of mothers working with children under the age of seven. They have been selected based on purposeful sampling to focusing on employees in the universities of Isfahan. The intention is to understand the meaning and experience of the mothers working on Iran's policies in childcare. Therefore, these data can show policy strategies to improve policy making in this sphere. The data analysis based on the seven-level approach delivered five main themes including policy evaluation, intermediate variables, effects and outcomes, and strategies. According to the results of this study, the analysis of working mothers experiences show the childcare policies in Iran from different aspects particularly lack of flexibility in the rules and their implementation in relation to maternal/child conditions and also lack of gender and advocacy in the intellectual domain of the executives and employers. This is not sufficient to provide the peace of working mothers. The results have indicated that various mediating variables such as family circumstances, financial status, work, personality, and awareness of mothers on how they perceive and deal with child care policies have an influence on the different effects of maternal/child/occupational status.
Vahid Ghasemi; fatemeh omraniyan
Abstract
Since social awareness of laws can help restore people’s rights and develop their personality and the mass media play a key role in socialization and apprising people of their own rights, the present study aims to assess the awareness of women of their rights in their families and to examine the theory ...
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Since social awareness of laws can help restore people’s rights and develop their personality and the mass media play a key role in socialization and apprising people of their own rights, the present study aims to assess the awareness of women of their rights in their families and to examine the theory of awareness gap. The study was conducted by three methods: Documentary, survey, and qualitative. Statistical society included all female students at the University of Isfahan and the statistical sample size was 384 students who were selected by quota and assessed by questionnaires. The data were analyzed through SPSS and the results indicate that there is no significant relationship between students’ use of written media and their legal awareness. Therefore the theory of awareness gap based on the reason that ‘people who have higher social-economic position are more aware of their rights because they use written media more than those who have lower social-economic position’ was rejected. In general girl students’ awareness of their legal rights in the family was not considerable.
Sociology
Manijeh Navidnia; Ebrahim Shamloo
Abstract
One of the social harms that threatens the community is a spouse who presents himself in different ways in the institution of the family. The purpose of the present study is to identify the relationship between social factors affecting wives abusers in 2017. The relationship has been analyzed by using ...
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One of the social harms that threatens the community is a spouse who presents himself in different ways in the institution of the family. The purpose of the present study is to identify the relationship between social factors affecting wives abusers in 2017. The relationship has been analyzed by using a descriptive-analytical approach and using a questionnaire tool and using SPSS software. The statistical population is consisted of 120 married women who were selected by random sampling method. The results show that male-dominated attitudes have a significant and meaningful relationship with the wife abuse. There is also a significant difference between spouses of different ages. The final results of the study indicated that as the patriarchal system, the unequal power, male dominance over women, the patriarchal domination system, the superiority of the male class on women, and the oppression of women in society are increased, and the violation against women in society is also increased. This can, itself, intensify the role of the patriarchal system and its prevalence.
Roohollah Arab; Mohammad Gholamrezapour; Pouria Kazemi; Houman Adman
Abstract
Identifying the factors affecting cash holding is important because a deficit or surplus in cash holdings can cause companies to have many problems. Recent research has showed that one of the influential factors on cash holdings is gender of the CFO. According to the precautionary savingstheory, senior ...
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Identifying the factors affecting cash holding is important because a deficit or surplus in cash holdings can cause companies to have many problems. Recent research has showed that one of the influential factors on cash holdings is gender of the CFO. According to the precautionary savingstheory, senior female executives hold more cash because of their conservatism, lower self-esteem, and risk aversion. In contrast, according to agency theory, female senior executives are more ethical and reduce agency costs and thus hold less cash. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects ofCFO gender on cash holding, with regard to precautionary savingsand agency theories. The research hypothesis was also investigated using a sample of 170 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years from 2012 to 2018 using multivariate regression model. The findings indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between CFO gender and cash holding according to the precautionary savingstheory. In other words, firms with senior female executives hold more cash than other companies.
Nooshin Esfahani; Hamid ghezel Sefloo
Volume 9, Issue 4 , March 2012, , Pages 135-149
Abstract
Anxiety of sports is one of the variables which is closely related to sports performance and happens in sports competitions. Considering the negative effects of competitive anxiety on performance of athletes this study tries to compare competitive anxiety of amateur or professional female futsal players ...
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Anxiety of sports is one of the variables which is closely related to sports performance and happens in sports competitions. Considering the negative effects of competitive anxiety on performance of athletes this study tries to compare competitive anxiety of amateur or professional female futsal players and its connection with self confidence and sports performance. The statistical population of this study was 77 university students who were futsal players participating in academic tournaments. 56 of them were randomly placed in amateur group and 21 students were purposively placed in professional group. To assess the level of competitive anxiety of samples, a questionnaire of competitive-state anxiety (CSAI-2) was used. Three subscales of the questionnaire, subjective anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence are assessed by a Likert scale value. In order to analyze the data after Calmograph Smirnoff test, a “t” test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The results of the study showed that there are significant differences between competitive anxiety (physical and mental symptoms, and self-confidence) of academic and club futsal players. A direct relationship was also found between competitive anxiety and performance in female futsal players.
Ali Reza Afshani; Razieh Zakeri Hamaneh
Abstract
Feeling secure is a prerequisite of any social, economic, cultural and political development and it is directly related to the level of development of the society. Being aware of the situation of security feelings of society members plays a key role in recognizing the challenges and development strategies ...
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Feeling secure is a prerequisite of any social, economic, cultural and political development and it is directly related to the level of development of the society. Being aware of the situation of security feelings of society members plays a key role in recognizing the challenges and development strategies of society and can strengthen the infrastructures of the society. The present study aims to evaluate the rate of security feeling among men and women of Yazd by comparison. Survey method was used as the research approach through the questionnaire instrument and proportional cluster sampling, sized 246 people residing in Yazd. Feeling socially secure was evaluated separately among men and women in 12 different aspects: life, financial, Economic, job, moral, cultural, emotional, feeing, intellectual, legal, judicial, and honor security. The findings reveal that life security feeling among women is significantly less than men’s in Yazd, while economic security feeling is more among men compared to women. In other aspects feeling socially secure is not very different between men and women.
Ali Shaemi; Akbar Etebariyan; Marziye Kheirmand
Volume 9, Issue 3 , October 2012, , Pages 151-180
Abstract
This investigation was performed to determine the educational needs of the entrepreneur women in the city of Isfahan, which is applicable in terms of objectives, and descriptive surveying in nature. Its statistic population is 91 entrepreneur women in Isfahan, that due to the limited population, the ...
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This investigation was performed to determine the educational needs of the entrepreneur women in the city of Isfahan, which is applicable in terms of objectives, and descriptive surveying in nature. Its statistic population is 91 entrepreneur women in Isfahan, that due to the limited population, the controlling sample was considered equal to the population. The tool for collecting data was a questionnaire, the stability of which was calculated as 80% through Conbach Alpha coefficient in order to test the research questions and to obtain its result, variance analysis and freedman test have been utilized. The result showed that the entrepreneur women’s most important educational needs in the field of marketing include familiarity with international marketing and their least important need is the knowledge of 4 principles of marketing. Moreover, the entrepreneur women’s most important educational needs in the field of financial management and accounting is the knowledge of various financial proportions and their least important need used to be the financial provisions from banks and financial organizations. The most important educational need in the field of law, for entrepreneur women, is familiarity with labor law and the least important need is related to insurances and insurance contracts. In the field of production and operations management, the most important educational need of entrepreneur women consist of work and time measurement techniques and their least important needs is about quality standards. Finally, in the field of human resources and personnel affairs, the entrepreneur women’s most important educational need is determined to be specification of procurement of employment conditions and their least important need is the methods of personnel motivations. Further more, there is no significant difference between their educational needs in terms of service records, as well as their educations.
Naser Zamani Miandashti; Pouria Ataei; Nasim Izadi
Abstract
The empowerment of women has been widely acknowledged as an important goal in international development. The main aim of this study was to investigate empowerment levels and rate among the members of Tafihan Rural Women’s Association.Those who were subject to research consisted of all members of the ...
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The empowerment of women has been widely acknowledged as an important goal in international development. The main aim of this study was to investigate empowerment levels and rate among the members of Tafihan Rural Women’s Association.Those who were subject to research consisted of all members of the Tafihan Women’s Association (418 members), out of which, a total number of 200 members were selected through a stratified random sampling method. The data was obtained through means of a questionnaire. Face validity of the questionnaire was obtained through an experts’ panel, and reliability was acquired through pilot testing. The Cronbach's alpha was .94. Results revealed that empowerment dimensions of the association members can be categorized in four sectors: psychological, familial, economic and socio-cultural dimensions. Results also showed that psychological and socio-cultural dimensions ranked highest, and were followed by familial and economic dimensions.
Zarafshani Kiyoumars; Hossein Agahi; khoshghadam khaledi
Volume 9, Issue 1 , April 2011, , Pages 165-183
Abstract
Needs assessment is “gaps between current conditions and desired conditions”. Most educational programs in extension education pay little attention to clients’ needs. This devalues the assessment as a policy making tool. However, this study will approach both rural women and extension agents’ ...
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Needs assessment is “gaps between current conditions and desired conditions”. Most educational programs in extension education pay little attention to clients’ needs. This devalues the assessment as a policy making tool. However, this study will approach both rural women and extension agents’ perception, supposing rural women’s needs are considered to find areas of match or mismatch among stakeholders. Therefore, the survey aimed at inspecting educational needs of rural women in Ghomum Village using Borich needs assessment model and quadrant analysis.
Through survey methodology, Borich (1980) obtained some data that could be ranked in order of priority. He believed that through needs assessment model rural women should judge about their own needs. Other researchers have also defined approaches to assessing educational needs. Through quadrant analysis, Witkin (1984) used importance as a qualifying factor in deriving priorities without fallacy of basing priority decisions on simple discrepancies.
The population consisted of rural women and community extension agents in Gomum village. 100 women were selected and 35 of them were brought in to the study. Through Borich needs assessment model the questionnaires revealed that home economics, child care and methods of cooking were their top three needs. And quadrant analysis showed that educational needs were also ranked high. As a result both techniques should be used. Specifically, issues such as home economics, child care, and method of cooking should be more emphasized when planning extension classes for women residing in Gomum village.
Majeed Movahed; Tahereh Azizi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2011, , Pages 181-206
Abstract
This study reviews the relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses, among 400 married women in Shiraz. The survey was conducted by the random classification sampling and the data was collected through a questionnaire in the year 1388. The Askanzvny Conflict Theory ...
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This study reviews the relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses, among 400 married women in Shiraz. The survey was conducted by the random classification sampling and the data was collected through a questionnaire in the year 1388. The Askanzvny Conflict Theory has been used in this research to show the relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses. The result of this survey showed that there is a significant and reverse relationship between the sexual satisfaction of women and conflicts between spouses. So with the rise of women's sexual satisfaction, couples’ conflicts will reduce. Furthermore the first three aspects out of the fivefold aspects of sexual satisfaction have reverse relationship with the conflict between spouses.
Women's Studies
Abdolreza Javan Jaafary Bojnordy; Seyyed Mahdi Seyyedzadeh Sany; Mohadeseh Maldar Mohamad Hasanzadeh Mashhady
Abstract
Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees ...
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Nowadays, victimization of women is very prevalent as a social problem. Among these are women who in addition to potential vulnerabilities, are more victimized for being migrants and minorities. The main objective of this study is to identify the types of victimization of Iranian and Afghan women refugees in Mashhad urban space and study the factors influencing their victimization. This study was conducted using survey method and the researchers have considered the Afghan refugee women residing in Mashhad as the statistical society in order to study the influence of migration on victimization of women. Moreover, the situation of refugee women was compared with that of the Iranian women by using 112 Iranaian women living in Mashhad in the same condition as the control group. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Questionnaires were completed by Afghan refugee women and Iranian women in areas 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11 of Mashhad. Findings from this study indicate that there are significant relationships among the personal, environmental and economic characteristics and the victimization of women, at 95 percent level. Notably, it was found that there is an inverse relationship between age, education and veil with victimization of women in some crimes against persons such as rape, sexual assault, kidnapping, assault and beating; because among them were some young women, low-veiled, uneducated or uninformed who were reported to be more victimized than others. Also, women who had some kinds of disorder in their family, had experienced more crimes within and outside family. Women's employment in black jobs, in workshops around the city, in unknown and unofficial environments and unregulated and even their night work, is a risk factor casuing women victimization. Finally, it was determined that there is a relationship between the location of women with their victimization in all crimes.
Women's Studies
Esmail Karami Dehkordi; Roghayeh Babaee
Abstract
Rural women play an important role in supporting their rural households' livelihoods and can significantly contribute to the sustainable natural resources management programmes. The current research aims to investigate rural women's livelihood activities and their related needs for enhancing their knowledge ...
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Rural women play an important role in supporting their rural households' livelihoods and can significantly contribute to the sustainable natural resources management programmes. The current research aims to investigate rural women's livelihood activities and their related needs for enhancing their knowledge and social capacities. The study was conducted using a case study through participatory rapid appraisal techniques in the Ghezel Tape Aligholi Village located in the Zanjan Province of Iran. Rural women contributed to their households' livelihoods through various livelihood strategies, comprising non-agricultural activities including carpet weaving; agricultural activities dependent on rangelands, specially collecting naturally medicinal and edible plants; and agricultural activities with low dependency on rangelands, particularly product harvest and local processing. Assessing rural women' needs showed that they mostly needed updated knowledge and skills regarding proper harvest, processing and packaging of horticultural and dairy products, natural resources conservation methods, new agricultural and non-agricultural activities, and higher literacy. The necessity to improve rural women's environmental attitude, particularly about rural waste management was also recognised to be an important need. Moreover, they need to strengthen their social capacities, particularly in regard to influencing agricultural markets, relations and trust in rural communities and with external actors, and strengthening rural women organisations. These needs imply the necessity of developing agricultural extension and natural resources management programmes for human and social capacity building of rural women.
Sociology
Khadije Safiri; Sosan Bastani; Leila Ghorani Damdabaja
Abstract
The mail goal of the Present paper is to study the influence of informal social networkssupport on job satisfaction of married women using the direct effect of social support andDurkheimian anomie theories and Network analysis perspective. It has been performed usingsurvey method and questionnaire. Statistical ...
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The mail goal of the Present paper is to study the influence of informal social networkssupport on job satisfaction of married women using the direct effect of social support andDurkheimian anomie theories and Network analysis perspective. It has been performed usingsurvey method and questionnaire. Statistical population is constituted of all working andmarried women (20-55) living in Ardabil. Participants were 356 women chosen by multistagecluster sampling. The Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha of 0.70 for job satisfaction and 0.79 forsocial support shows face validity of this variables and appropriate reliability of the tests.Results indicate that the women's satisfaction level of job is high and also support levelreceived from informal networks is average. After the husband, among different informalnetworks, relative networks in emotional support and colleague networks in instrumental andinformational support have the most support rate, while neighborhood networks have the leastrate of support. The results of correlation coefficient show that social support as a mediatorvariable in the relationship of network size and frequency of contact with job satisfactionoperates. Moreover, regression results show that age, network size, frequency of contact andinformal social networks support are affective variables on job satisfaction of married women.
Women's Studies
Rezvan Hossein Gholizadeh; Zahra Ghasemi; Sajedeh Naseri Sadegh; Arezoo Ahmad Abadi
Abstract
Despite the presence of women in higher education and qualification levels of public decency, a small number of women have been appointed to management positions; therefore, they are less powerful than men in organizational decision-making processes. In this research, organizational culture and ...
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Despite the presence of women in higher education and qualification levels of public decency, a small number of women have been appointed to management positions; therefore, they are less powerful than men in organizational decision-making processes. In this research, organizational culture and consequently gender as the most important factor influencing corporate power distribution is considered. The study is descriptive correlational. The target population included all staff of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (1250 subjects). The sample size was selected to be 300. A questionnaire was used to collect the required data; the results showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational culture and distribution of power. Organizational culture predicts the distribution of power within the organization. There was a significant difference in terms of distribution of power between the two groups. According to the mean values of the two groups of men and women, it can be concluded that distribution of power for men in the organization is significantly more compared to women. .
Women's Studies
Rohollah Rezaei; Shima Zareei
Abstract
Regarding the undeniable role of women in the process of rural development on the one hand and their inappropriate situation in terms of the most indices of rural development on the other hands, rural women’s empowerment is essential. Meanwhile, many researchers and scholars believe that social ...
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Regarding the undeniable role of women in the process of rural development on the one hand and their inappropriate situation in terms of the most indices of rural development on the other hands, rural women’s empowerment is essential. Meanwhile, many researchers and scholars believe that social capital and its components play a key role. Thus, the main purpose of this descriptive- correlative research was to study of the viewpoints of rural women on effect of social capital components on their empowerment in Hassan- Khan village in Ghorveh Township.The statistical population of the research consisted of all women in Hassan- Khan village ranged from 15 to 64 years old (N= 213). According to the Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample size of 165 was selected using random sampling technique. The questionnaire were used to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The construct validity and the composite reliability of the research instrument were tested by estimating the measurement model and they were satisfied after making necessary corrections. The results showed that the main hypotheses of the research have verified and three components of social capital including social cohesion, participation and trust had a positive and significant effect on dependent variable. The components totally explained about 43 percent of variances of women's empowerment in Hassan- Khan village. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that increasing social capital of rural women directly results in their empowerment.
Zohreh Ghodrati Isfahani; Azam Moradi
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine and compar the effectiveness of psychological capital training and behavioral activation therapy on hope among female students in dormitories of Isfahan University in the second semester of the academic year 2019-2020. The research design was pre-test and post-test ...
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The purpose of this study is to examine and compar the effectiveness of psychological capital training and behavioral activation therapy on hope among female students in dormitories of Isfahan University in the second semester of the academic year 2019-2020. The research design was pre-test and post-test with control group. The Hope Questionnaire (Schneider Et al 1991) was used to measure hope. The method of sampling was voluntary. First the pre-test was conducted on 45 volunteers. They were then randomly assigned to three groups and, two groups were randomly assigned to experimental group 1 and 2 and the other group considered as control group. Then, the two experimental groups received behavioral activation therapy and psychological capital training, respectively; but the control group not received intervention. After the intervention sessions, post-test was administered for all three groups (38 persons in total). The results of analysis of covariance showed significant difference between the post-test hope scores of the groups (P=0.008). Paired comparisons showed that both psychological capital training and behavioral activation therapy significantly have increased hope as compared with the control group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.019 respectively), but the two intervention groups did not differ significantly in hope scores. The findings suggest that both psychological capital training and behavioral activation therapy can be used for increasing the hope in dprmetory students.
Women's Studies
Neda Razavizadeh; Zahra Baradaran Kashani
Abstract
Tourism is known as a modern leisure activity in contemporary societies. However, like other leisure activities, there is not an equal access to that among social strata including classes and genders. Furthermore, middle class in Iran experiences a wide range of changes in values, behavioral patterns ...
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Tourism is known as a modern leisure activity in contemporary societies. However, like other leisure activities, there is not an equal access to that among social strata including classes and genders. Furthermore, middle class in Iran experiences a wide range of changes in values, behavioral patterns and choices in recent decades. The purpose of this paper is to answer these questions: (1) what functions do middle class women in Iranian cities identify for lonely/female-only travels? (2) what challenges do they identify in lonely/female-only travels before, ongoing and after travel, and what are their coping strategies? To answer these questions, qualitative approach and ethnographic interview was used as a method. Fourtheen women were interviewed. Findings showed that women identified two functions for lonely/female-only travels: escaping and engaging. The most importatnt challenge for women befor travel were having family’s agreement and managing the household in women’s absance. Emotional and functional issues were two challenges for the female-only travelers when they were on tour. Womens’ coping strategies ranged from passive reactions to active and creative reactions. In conclution, lonely/female-only travel for women is a realm for experiencing, testing and proofing their own power, agency and independence in contemporary Iran.
Mohamad Hakak; hasan koolivand
Abstract
Today, in developing countries, women participate in higher levels of organizations is lower than men. Hence, the theory of synergistic leadership has a far-reaching approach to leadership that conceptualizes the presence of women in the leadership position of the organization as a factor of synergy. ...
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Today, in developing countries, women participate in higher levels of organizations is lower than men. Hence, the theory of synergistic leadership has a far-reaching approach to leadership that conceptualizes the presence of women in the leadership position of the organization as a factor of synergy. On the other hand, considering the importance of the level of maturity of employees' capabilities and the sustainability of human capital in organizations, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of women-oriented leadership style on the development of sustainability of human capital. In this regard, the level of maturity of employees' capabilities has been studied as a mediating variable. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of research method. For data collection, Curtis (2009) Employees' Capacity Maturity Model Questionnaire, Synergistic leadership Questionnaire of elahi and Isfahani Aybaghi (2016) and Aybaghi et al. (2017) Human Capital Sustainability Questionnaire were used. The validity of the questionnaires was calculated based on content validity and their reliability by Cronbach's alpha test with 0.84, 0.89 and 0.91, respectively. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling and Amos software. The statistical population of the study is 443 people of all officials, experts and medical staff of Besat Nahaja Medical, Educational and Research Center. The required statistical sample size was determined through Krejcie and Morgan table of 210 people and the sample was selected using random sampling method. The results of this study showed that the Synergistic female leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the level of maturity of employees and the development of sustainability of human capital and also the level of maturity of capability of employees on the development of sustainability of human capital.
