نویسندگان

• زهرا نصرالهی ¹
• هانیه پوشدوزباشی ²

¹ استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه یزد

² کارشناس ارشد علوم اقتصادی

چکیده

جهانی‌شدن فرآیند به ظاهر غیرقابل اجتنابی است که فرصت‌ها و تهدیدهای زیادی را فراروی کشورهای دنیا قرار داده است. باوجود عدم تمایز میان زن و مرد در جهانی یکپارچه، به نظر می‌رسد زنان آثار جهانی‌شدن را با گستردگی بیشتری تجربه می‌‌کنند. بنابراین، با‌‌‌‌‌توجه به نقش بی‌بدیل و غیرقابل انکار زنان در فرآیند توسعه پایدار، مطالعه تأثیر عوامل مؤثر بر اشتغال آنان از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. از این‌رو، با توجه به رویکرد نظام جمهوری اسلامی به عدم تبعیض جنسیتی در اشتغال، این مطالعه با استفاده از روش داده‌‌های تابلویی به سنجش تأثیر شاخص‌های آزادسازی تجاری بر اشتغال زنان در بخش صنعت طی سال‌های 84- 1375 ‌پرداخته است. نسبت صادرات، واردات و نیز نسبت مجموع آن‌ها به ارزش افزوده در سطح صنایع دورقمی، شاخص‌های آزادسازی مورد استفاده در این مطالعه است. نتایج بدست‌آمده بیانگر تأثیر منفی و معنا‌دار این شاخص‌ها بر اشتغال صنعتی زنان است. با توجه به این نتایج، پیشنهاد می‌شود با ایفای نقش نظارتی دولت و شناسایی بخش‌های موفق در تجارت خارجی، امکانات بیشتری برای ارتقای بهره‌وری آن‌ها فراهم شود تا رقابت‌پذیری صنایع ایران در مقابل سایر کشورها گسترش یافته و از طریق توسعه صادرات و افزایش تولید، تقاضای نیروی کار و نیز تقاضای نیروی کار زنان افزایش‌یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آزادسازی تجاری
• ارزش افزوده.
• اشتغال
• اشتغال زنان
• صادرات
• واردات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Trade expansion and Women’s Job Opportunities (Case study: Iranian manufacturing industries)

نویسندگان [English]

• Zahra Nasrollahi ¹
• Haniye Poushdouz ²

¹

²

چکیده [English]

Globalization is a complex and complicated concept that can be defined from various dimensions including political, cultural and economical. Economically speaking, globalization is defined as a process in which the mobility of capital, organizations, ideas, discourses, and people has taken on an increasingly global or transnational form. Many economists believe that globalization is an engine of growth because it can stimulate economic development through an increase in exports; reducing the isolation of many developing countries, and facilitating their access to new technologies and information. On the other hand, other economists argue that free trade can give rise to high levels of unemployment in the affected sectors. In terms of the effects of globalization on women, the same controversy exists. Opponents of globalization accuse the new free zones of gender discrimination and exploitation of women. Moreover, spread of poverty and prostitution among women are frequently cited as byproducts of globalization. Meanwhile, proponents of globalization, explain that worldwide competition makes discrimination too expensive to sustain. Thus, it seems that Globalization is an unavoidable and accelerating process that affects the national economies in all aspects. Although in an integrated world, there is not any difference between man and woman, it seams that, women are greatly affected by world trade and globalization. Trade liberalization has had a particularly striking effect on the number of women working in developing countries’ manufacturing sectors. It seams that export-oriented industrialization is associated with a rising share of women’s manufacturing employment. Considering the fact that female make up about half of the population in Islamic Republic of Iran and play an important role in economic activities and sustainable development, it is essential to know how trade liberalization affects women’s job opportunities. Bearing in mind that legally speaking there is no difference and discrimination between men and women in terms of employment, this study investigates the effects of trade liberalization indices on women’s manufacturing employment (as an important sector in the industry development process) between the Period of 1996-2005. The research uses export, import and sum of export and import to the value added ratio in 2 digit industry level as trade liberalization indices. Panel data method is used for the purpose of the research. The results of this study show that trade liberalization has a significant negative impact on women’s manufacturing employment and also there is a positive relationship between women’s wage and ratio of Construction payments to total payments. It seems that one of the reasons of the negative relationship between trade liberalization and women’s manufacturing employment is women's low initial human capital endowments. To break the vicious circle of women's low initial human capital endowments and inferior labor market outcomes, the paper proposes greater access of girls to education and of women to training, enforceable equal pay, taxation and benefit structure that treats reproduction as an economic activity and women as equal partners within households, and a better accounting of women's work to include invisible production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Construction Payments
• employment
• Export
• Import
• International Trade
• Trade Liberalization
• Value Added
• Women's employment