نوع مقاله : کاربردی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد توسعه اقتصادی و برنامه ریزی، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه یزد

2 دانشیار، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری- بخش علوم اقتصادی دانشگاه یزد

3 استادیار، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری- بخش علوم اقتصادی دانشگاه یزد

چکیده

سرمایه‌ی انسانی به عنوان یکی از عوامل مؤثر بر رشد اقتصادی که می‌تواند سبب ارتقاء و بهبود فرصت‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی شود. دراین­میان زنان معرف نیمی از جمعیت و یکی از ارکان خانواده و جوامع را تشکیل می‌دهند، بهره‌گیری از استعداد و توانایی‌های آن‌ها به عنوان سرمایه‌ی انسانی بر رشد اقتصادی حائز اهمیت است.  با این حال، وجود تبعیض جنسیتی به عنوان یکی از عواملی که نه تنها سبب نقض حقوق اساسی بشر شده، بلکه می‌تواند باعث کاهش بهره‌وری و کیفیت سرمایه‌ی انسانی و به­دنبال­آن کاهش رشد اقتصادی شود، مطرح­شده است. در این راستا هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر تبعیض جنسیتی در چهار حوزه‌ آموزش، بازار کار، توانمندسازی زنان و شرایط اجتماعی بر رشد اقتصادی است. در این پژوهش داده‌ها با بهره‌گیری از روش کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری شده و عمدتا برگرفته از داده‌های انتشاریافته‌ی بانک جهانی است. به منظور برآورد رابطه‌ی بین تبعیض جنسیتی و رشد اقتصادی از روش داده‌های ترکیبی برای کشورهای درحال توسعه طی دوره‌ی زمانی 2018-2000 و برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل نتایج نیز از نرم‌افزارهای Stata12 و EViews10 استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان­می‌دهد که در کشورهای در حال توسعه رشد نیروی کار و بازبودن تجارت بر رشد اقتصادی تأثیر منفی و معنی‌دار دارد و رشد سرمایه‌گذاری بر رشد اقتصادی تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌دار دارد. در این کشورها برابری جنسیتی با رشد اقتصادی رابطه‌ی معنی‌داری ندارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

From Gender Discrimination to Equality and Economic Growth (Study of Developing Countries)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zaidullah Zahid 1
  • zahra nasrollahi 2
  • Mansour Mahinizadeh 3

1 Master of Economics, Yazd university, Iran

2 yazd university

3 Yazd university

چکیده [English]

Human capital is one of the factors affecting economic growth that can enhance and improve economic and social opportunities. At the same time, women represent half of the whole population and are one of the pillars of the family and societies. It is important to make use of their talents and capabilities as human capital to achieve economic growth. However, gender discrimination has been considered as a factor that not only violates basic human rights, but can also reduce the productivity and quality of human capital and economic growth. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of gender discrimination in four areas: education, labor market, social conditions and women's empowerment on economic growth in the developing countries during the period 2000-2018. In this study, Stata and EViews software were used to analyze the results with the Panel data method and using World Bank data the relationship between gender discrimination and economic growth has been estimated. The results show that Labor force growth and trade openness variables in the developing countries have a negative and significant effect on economic growth, and investment growth has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. In these countries, gender equality has no significant relationship with economic growth.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Economic Growth
  • Gender Discrimination
  • Dimensions of Gender Equality and developing countries
[1] آذربایجانی، کریم و مصطفایی، هاجر. (1390). اثر نابرابری جنسیتی بر رشد اقتصادی و بهره‌وری کل عوامل تولید در کشورهای منتخب (2006-1993). فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی راه اندیشه، 1(2)، 112-83.
 [2] برزانی، محمدواعظ و حاتمی، راضیه. (1389). اثر برابری جنسیتی آموزشی بر رشد اقتصادی در کشورهای منتخب در حال توسعه (06-2000) مدل سیستم همزمان. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی اقتصاد مقداری، 1(7) ، 73-53.
[3] پناهی، حسین؛ سلمانی، بهزاد و آل‌عمران، سیدعلی. (1395). تأثیر نابرابری جنسیتی در آموزش بر رشد اقتصادی ایران، دوفصلنامه جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه. 1(5)، 61-43.
[4] Andersson, A. (2010). The Effect of Increased Gender Equality on Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Master’s thesis, Economics, Jönköping University.
[5] Anwer, M. S., & Sampath, R. K. (1999). Investment and economic growth. EconPapers, Paper No. 35713.
[6] Azmat, G., & Petrongolo, B. (2014). Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments. Labour Economics, 30, 32-40.
[7] Balatchandirane, G. (2003). Gender discrimination in education and economic development: A study of South Korea, China and India. International studies, 40(4), 349-378.
[8] Busse, M. & Spielmann, C. (2003) Gender discrimination and the international division of labour. HWWA Discussion, Paper No.  245.
[9] Cavalcanti, T, & Tavares, J. (2007). The Output Cost of Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based Macroeconomic Estimate. CEPR Discussion, Paper No. 6477.
[10] Epaphra, M., & Massawe, J. (2016). Investment and economic growth: An empirical analysis for Tanzania. Turkish Economic Review, 3(4), 578-609.
[11] Ferrant, G. (2015). How do gender inequalities hinder development? Cross-country evidence. Annals of Economics and Statistics, (117/118), 313-352.
[12] Galor, Oded & Weil, David, (1996). "The Gender Gap, Fertility, and Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, 86(3), 374-387.
[13] Ghosh, M. (2018). Gender Equality, Growth and Human Development in India. Journal of Poverty Alleviation & International Development, 9(1).
[14] Gil-Lafuente, A. M., Torres-Martinez, A., Amiguet-Molina, L., & Boria-Reverter, S. (2019). Gender equality index of the autonomous communities of Spain: a multidimensional analysis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25(5), 915-933.
[15] Hye, Q. M. A., & Lau, W. Y. (2015). Trade openness and economic growth: empirical evidence from India. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(1), 188-205.
[16] Kabeer, N. (2012). Women’s economic empowerment and inclusive growth: labour markets and enterprise development. International Development Research Centre, 44(10), 1-70.
[17] Kabeer, N. (2011). Contextualising the economic pathways of women's empowerment: findings from a multi-country research programme. LSE Research, Paper No.  89807.
[18] Khanal, S. (2018). Gender discrimination in education expenditure in Nepal: Evidence from living standards surveys. Asian Development Review, 35(1), 155-174.
[19] Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: new evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist economics, 15(3), 91-132.
[20] Kotlikoff, L.J. (2007). The Healthcare Fix: Universal Insurance for All Americans. Cambridge: The MIT Press, Paper No. 435.
[21] Kuhn, P., & Shen, K. (2013). Gender discrimination in job ads: Evidence from china. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1), 287-336.
[22] Lampert, T., & Kroll, L. E. (2014). Social differences in mortality and life expectancy. Robert Koch Institute, 5(2), 78.
[23] Lindberg, S. I. (2004). Women’s empowerment and democratization: The effects of electoral systems, participation, and experience in Africa. Studies in Comparative International Development, 39(1), 28-53.
[24] Menshikov, A. V., Kalabashkina, Y. V., & Zverev, S. A. (2015). Investment as a Factor of Economic Growth. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3 S7), 259.
[25] Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. Economic Modelling, 37, 386-394.
[26] Moorhouse, E. A. (2017, October). The many dimensions of gender equality and their impact on economic growth. In Forum for Social Economics, 46(4) 350-370.
[27] Morrison, A., Raju, D., & Sinha, N. (2007). Gender equality, poverty and economic growth. Policy Research Working Paper, Paper No. 4349.
[28] Paudel, R. C., & Perera, N. (2009). Foreign debt, trade openness, labor force and economic growth: evidence from Sri Lanka. The ICFAI Journal of Applied Economics, 8 (1), 57-64.
[29] Pervaiz, Z., Chani, M. I., Jan, S. A., & Chaudhary, A. R. (2011). Gender inequality and economic growth: a time series analysis for Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 4(8), 434-439.
[30] Pokharel, S. (2008). Gender discrimination: Women perspectives. Nepalese journal of development and rural studies, 5(2), 80-87.
[31] Saha, A. (2013). An assessment of gender discrimination in household expenditure on education in India. Oxford Development Studies, 41(2), 220-238.
[32] Salik, M., & Zhiyong, Z. (2014). Gender discrimination and inequalities in higher education: A case study of rural areas of Pakistan. Academic Research International, 5(2), 269.
[33] Sundström, A., Paxton, P., Wang, Y. T., & Lindberg, S. I. (2017). Women’s political empowerment: A new global index, 1900–2012. World Development, 94, 321-335.
[34] Tansel, A., & Güngör, N. D. (2016). Gender effects of education on economic development in Turkey. In Women, Work and Welfare in the Middle East and North Africa: The Role of Socio-demographics, Entrepreneurship and Public Policies, IDEAS, Chapter 3, 57-86.
[35] Williams, D. R. (2002). Racial/ethnic variations in women's health: the social embeddedness of health. American journal of public health, 92(4), 588-597.
[36] Xu, L. (2015). Effects of Female Political Participation on Economic Growth: Evidence from Asian Countries. Master’s thesis, Department of Economics, Lund University.
[37] Yanikkaya, H. (2003). Trade openness and economic growth: a cross-country empirical investigation. Journal of Development economics, 72(1), 57-89.