Woman in Development & Politics

Rereading the concept of social development in the prophetic policy system based on the position of women in Medina

Mohammad Javad Najafi; Mohammed Hussain Davani Ragby; Mohammad Sepehri

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 615-636

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.359854.1008344

Abstract

Social Development is the most important indicators of the government's valuation to give the society a role to be effective in the society, especially for the women of the society This issue has been considered as the main issue with the case study of the Prophet's government. At the time when Islam ... Read More Social Development is the most important indicators of the government's valuation to give the society a role to be effective in the society, especially for the women of the society This issue has been considered as the main issue with the case study of the Prophet's government. At the time when Islam appeared, almost women of all societies did not have a proper status and were deprived of even the most basic human rights. But Islam and the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) paid great attention to restoring their true credibility. The attention that the social and cultural atmosphere of that day did not receive. The purpose of the research is to investigate the actions and policies of the Prophet of Islam in his government for the social development of women.Therefore, the main question of the article is, what were the policies of the Prophet (peace be upon him) to develop the social position of women in the Prophetic government? which has been answered by descriptive-historical analysis method and taking samples from library sources. On this basis, the noble Prophet of Islam, by fighting against the dominant way of thinking and the theory of male gender superiority over women, rejecting the culture of behavioral violence against women and paying attention to honoring their personality, Attention and encouragement to learning science and paying attention to the intellectual ability of women, Supporting women against social harm And the establishment of the effective presence of women in social and economic affairs will lead to their social development in their government. This process requires a conceptual revolution and fundamental change based on which development is defined as excellence and the woman's position is promoted from a peripheral position to a central position.This process is also completed in the light of understanding the concept of prophetic justice on the one hand and the concept of responsibility of believers towards others. In this context, the development starts from the individual and the primary social unit in which the individual is placed, and is established in the society on this basis. Al-Bit is formed in this process, in the space of cooperation. Therefore, the woman is placed in a structure based on cooperation and in the field of prophetic policymaking, the equal weight of men is defined in the path of social development. From the results of this new definition and reinterpretation, the presence and activity of women in various social and political events of the Muslim community, such as: emigration, pledge of allegiance, Hajj, the order of the famous and the prohibition of discrediting and criticizing the rulers of the government, participation in wars, consultation and consultation in government affairs, etc... is.

The Impact of Cultural Consumption on Girls’ Attitudes toward Girl-Boy Friendship Relationships

Marjan Rashvand Sorkhkouleh; Fatemeh Vojdani

Volume 20, Issue 4 , December 2022, , Pages 633-662

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2022.340766.1008186

Abstract

The need for intimacy with the opposite sex is a natural and innate need in all human beings, and marriage is a suitable way to meet this need. The recent decrease in the age of awareness and sexual maturity, on the one hand, and also the emergence of economic problems, on the other, have put many young ... Read More The need for intimacy with the opposite sex is a natural and innate need in all human beings, and marriage is a suitable way to meet this need. The recent decrease in the age of awareness and sexual maturity, on the one hand, and also the emergence of economic problems, on the other, have put many young people in a difficult situation. The changes in the value system have gradually provided the basis for the emergence of new patterns of sexual behavior among some Iranian youth. Meanwhile, one of the important factors that influence the youth values and attitudes towards family, marriage, and communication patterns with the opposite sex is modern communication media. To manage the process of this influence more accurately by the cultural managers, it is necessary to clarify its details carefully.Target: The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between cultural consumption (reading books, using satellites and using of virtual networks) and youth attitudes toward girl-boy friendships. In particular, it is considered to investigate and accurately identify the dimensions of this impact. Another important aim of research is to identify the variables that can affect the strength and weakness of girls' susceptibility to cultural consumption.Method: The research is a cross-sectional survey whose data was collected using a structured questionnaire tool and was carried out in 1397. The statistical population includes girls who have never been married, aged 20-34 years in Tehran. The sampling method was a combination of multi-stage and systematic random classification methods. To measure the bivariate relationship between the dependent variable which is an interval (girls' attitude towards girl-boy friendship) and the independent variables which are on an interval scale (age, education level, level of religiosity, reading books, satellite usage and social networks usage) Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Moreover, to measure the bivariate relationship between the dependent variable and the residence area variable, which is on an ordinal scale, the F test was used. Considering that the dependent variable is an interval, to measure the multivariate analysis between the dependent variable and the independent variables, the multivariate linear regression test was used.Findings: The distribution of girls according to age groups indicates that 40.5% are in the age group of 20-24, 34.3% are in the age group of 25-29, and 25.2% are in the age group of 30-34. The findings indicated a high prevalence of positive attitude towards girl-boy friendship among girls. The findings showed that only 19.8% of the participants - less than one fifth - of the studied girls had a negative attitude towards such relationships. Considering the negative consequences of these friendships for personal, familial and social life, this is an alarm that emphasizes the need to educate and inform young. The next noteworthy finding is the low rate of book reading among the young people. According to the findings, the average book reading among more than 60% of girls aged 20-24 was zero to less than one hour during the day. Considering the role of book reading in transferring the cultural heritage, strengthening awareness and wisdom, modeling correct and low-risk thinking and behavior in the life, the low reading per capita, especially among the young generation, is a serious warning and requires a detailed pathological study. Especially, it should be seen what other activities replace this useful time and what.Conclusion: Emphasize two important principles about how to manage friendship relationships among young people: teaching media literacy and religious education; especially the consolidation of religious beliefs, which in turn will lead to adherence to religious requirements and a strong and effective inner, emotional connection with God. Therefore, another proposal of the research is planning of more efficient and effective religious education of the young generation from childhood and adolescence. Religious teachings are full of moral teachings, including teachings about preserving the privacy of communication with the opposite sex, in such a way that religious beliefs create a strong motivation for self-restraint and practical commitment in people, and this self-control is the basis for more correct management of risky behaviors, even in the absence of an external observer. According to the findings, and considering the huge amount of time young people spend in cyberspace, one of the most important strategies for cultural intervention and management can be the production of valuable content that suits the needs and tastes of the young generation in cyberspace.

economics

The effect of the dynamics of women's education on macroeconomic variables with the approach of DSGE models

Mohammad Mehdi Zare Shahne; Mehdi Akaberi Tafti; Ebrahim Bahraminia; Ehsan Salimi

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 637-660

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.346745.1008242

Abstract

The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without ... Read More The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country; For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development; So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on macroeconomic variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.

Political sciences

The role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments

Maria Farhzadeh; Ali Alihoseni

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 661-691

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.349998.1008264

Abstract

In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women in political ... Read More In today's modern world, one of the most important prerequisites for the development and stability of countries is the optimal use of all human resources, especially understanding the relevance of women's role in social and political affairs. Although equal participation and leadership of women in political and public life is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development in the world; However, the available evidence and data indicate that women are underrepresented at all levels of decision-making around the world, and the achievement of gender equality in political and social life is still out of reach. In the meantime, Europe is the only region in the current era that, within the last two decades and in the light of relatively appropriate policies in the field of women, have had this relative opportunity to increase their political participation at the national and regional levels, while trying to increase their competence and credibility. Defend at the highest political, legislative and judicial levels. The present article, by applying the theory of feminism and benefiting from Jones' policy model, tries to answer the central question that the experience of women's presence in the field of policy and decision-making in the European continent, especially in the parliamentary field, refers to what issues and considerations and its output. What dimensions and consequences did it include? The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of women in policy-making and decision-making in European national and regional parliaments. And the research method is qualitative and using library documents and resources.The research findings show that the discussion of gender equality as one of the main indicators of feminism in the European Union has found its real place and women have taken steps on an equal footing with men in political and economic decision-making. In Europe, in the last decade, many women have taken the most important positions of power. This shows that Europe is moving faster in gender equality in the political field. Europe has been pursuing gender equality in a targeted way for years. Therefore, in the field of politics, by paving the way for women, they tried to make the voice of half of the society heard. By assuming executive and legislative positions, women have found an opportunity to show their political expertise and competencies. Women politicians who may have gender biases support policies and policies that remove formal and informal obstacles from their path in order to involve and participate more women and play a role model for the future generation of women provides. The presence of women in the political positions of the presidency, prime minister and ministerial positions, along with the approval of laws such as the abortion law, family support and child protection, women's leave and child care, health and treatment, policies related to workers' compensation and social welfare budget.; Among the determining factors and effective legislative measures, which gradually provided a suitable platform to stabilize the position of women in accepting high political and parliamentary responsibilities.

Political sciences

Qualitative Analysis of Obstacles and Limitations of Women’s Political Activity in Political Positions (Case Study: Cabinet and Islamic Parliament of Iran)

Amene Mirkhoshkhou; Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei

Volume 20, Issue 4 , December 2022, , Pages 663-695

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2022.342889.1008209

Abstract

Investigating the obstacles and limitations of women's activity in the management at the macro-level of the country is one of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making. The main question is "What factors and characteristics cause the current ... Read More Investigating the obstacles and limitations of women's activity in the management at the macro-level of the country is one of the most important components in increasing women's participation in decision-making and policy-making. The main question is "What factors and characteristics cause the current exclusion of women in policy making?" In response to this question, several researches investigated the current situation of women's presence in government institutions and the three powers, especially the cabinet (council of ministers) and the Islamic Parliament). But the generality of these studies have not been able to reveal the impact of political trends with regard to the political structure of the country and the complexity of its political and cultural aspects due to focusing too much on identifying the obstacles of "the moment of women's entry" into major political positions. The present study examines the causes and factors affecting the limitations of women's activism after entering and assuming the political management of macro levels, in two political spectrums, reformist and fundamentalist. To clarify the matter, this study used the views and opinions of women who had direct experience of being in political management positions, including Cabinet (the council of ministers) and Islamic Parliament of Iran. The factors and limitations of political-managerial activism were identified and explained by adopting the semi-structured interview method and qualitative data analysis through thematic analysis.The limitations and obstacles of political management, according to the direct experience of political elite women, include a wide range of structural, cultural, political, social, and religious limitations, which refer to Intra-sex, extra-sex, and trans-sex restrictions. As explained in this article, these limitations are: Multiplicity of roles, women's social passivity, not welcoming women's capabilities, lack of education or professional political experience, lack of holistic attitude, psychological weaknesses, formal appointment of women, weakness in culturalization in the family, lack of access to support networks, glass ceiling, high cost of paying to women's issues, the masculinity of the power structure, limited communication with other male colleagues, the influence of ideological and combative dimensions, the connection of women's issues with religion, security and data information, intra-gender conflicts, lack of staffing and finally political factional competitions.The different reception of women in two political spectrums is one of the most important points of difference among the participants in identifying the limitations and facing the obstacles of political activism during tenure. Fundamentalist participants believe that generally the limitations and obstacles to women's political management are an intra-gender issue, and women are fully responsible for it. There is no need to condemn the society or political-cultural structures, what is important is the lack of necessary will, the lack of professional training in politics, the inability to manage the conflict of roles and a set of psychological-functional characteristics in women. Therefore, women themselves should be able to overcome these obstacles and limitations that are sometimes self-imposed limitations.While, according to the reformist participants, identifying the limitations and obstacles of women's activism remains incomplete without emphasizing the role of the cultural and social structures of the society and the hidden patriarchy in it. From this point of view, extra-sex factors and male structures play a stronger role in creating restrictions on women's political management compared to intra-sex issues. As seen, these factors include a wide range of issues, such as masculinity as the basis of valuations, lack of an informal power network, glass ceiling, refusal to accept positions, severe withholding of information and imbalance in women's issues.According to the results of the qualitative analysis extracted from the semi-structured interview data of 6 women politicians at the macro levels of political management, despite the difference in political attitudes, it is possible to find commonalities between women politicians on both sides of reformism and fundamentalism. The most important thing in common, from the point of view of the participants of the two political spectrums, is the small number of women in the major positions of political management, who seem to have mostly a symbolic presence. It often happens that the main stream of politics is interested in these women with the aim of their theatrical or instrumental presence. At this level of political management, the minimal presence of women can be a tool for political spectrums to advance political goals. Also, the symbolic presence of women at macro levels may end up in a way that ultimately prevents the realization of women's requests and demands. Perhaps it is a form of removing the responsibility from men of the political spectrum so that they don't spend time and money to respond to women's demands, and consider these demands mainly as demands within the women's group or gender demands specific to women, and not as demands arising from the society that They need planning, decision-making and policy making. In such a situation, the lack of familiarity of female managers with the obstacles and limitations in macro-political management reduces the possibility of conscious action and independent action from the political values of the two ruling factions. Therefore, intensifying the political differences of women, the political elite spends time and energy on political goals, which will not bring useful results for correct identification, reforming the relevant affairs, follow-up and resolution of women's issues.

The position of women's welfare rights in the protective umbrella of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an emphasis on social security as a human right

Zainab Esmati; Latifeh Hosseini; Mohammad Mahdi Hosseinmardi

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 693-716

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.350215.1008268

Abstract

The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Republication Islamic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic ... Read More The constitution at the top of the hierarchy of laws has played an influential role in explaining the human rights status of women in any society. the status of women's rights has been one of the concerns of the Republication Islamic of Iran since the adoption of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the very beginning, the role and position of women in advancing the lofty goals of society based on religious values was considered. welfare rights for women are one of the subject discussed during of the constitution of the Islamic Republication of Iran. the main purpose of this study is to investigate the position of women's welfare rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Constitution. In the present article, this research question has been investigated which according to the principles of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what are the welfare rights of women in terms of the gender justice and the equlity opportunities and what are the priorities of the law for them? The present study aims to examine the issue of demands for welfare rights in the field of social security for women in Iranian society as important human resources in the structure of the current constitution by using an analytical approach and library resources. The present investigate the welfare demands of Iranian women with the process of protective foundations mechanisms in welfare rights and livelihood security for women couldbe help to makepowerful them in the society. Their foundemental needs as right-wing citizens are a issue that is meant to represent the constitution's capabilities and agendas based on ideals and understanding of the responsibility of social protection for women.According to principle of responsibilty based on standards of human rights and compliance with legal obligations, governments cannot be indifferent to women's citizenship rights and livelihood destiny.Women's welfare rights are one of the topics discussed during the adoption of the Iranian constitution after the Islamic Revolution. the Constitution as a connected bed in the welfare rights of women with establishing the gender justice and formating such opportunity that they would be creat role in all region of human rights. Thus,the constitution at the top of the pyramid laws,so weighing the transfer of values and principles of democracy has had an effective role in explaining the human rights status of women in every society.In The results indicte that the four decades of experience of the sovereignty the Islamic Republic of Iran and the achievements of the constitutional system based on national-religious values in the light of the divine caliph's approach to human sovereignty indicate that women in the welfare economy system as citizens in Iranian society have social security in various fields women.

Rural Development

Analysis of Effective Factors on Identifying Entrepreneurial Opportunities among Rural Women Members of Kermanshah Microcredit Funds

Mahtab Valizadeh; Farahnaz Rostami; Nematollah Shiri; Mojgan Khoshmaram

Volume 20, Issue 4 , December 2022, , Pages 697-721

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2022.339102.1008164

Abstract

Context: The low participation rate of women in economic activities has caused the entrepreneurship rate of women to be lower than that of men. Without the economic participation of women in starting SMEs, it will be challenging for developing countries to achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals ... Read More Context: The low participation rate of women in economic activities has caused the entrepreneurship rate of women to be lower than that of men. Without the economic participation of women in starting SMEs, it will be challenging for developing countries to achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals and reach their full economic and social potential. Recent studies show that the gender difference in the rate of economic participation and entrepreneurship is not only due to the low success rate of female entrepreneurs, but the main reason is that few women are able to start a business. Therefore, try to promote entrepreneurial businesses among rural women is very important. The starting point for launching a business is opportunity recognition, and the process of identifying entrepreneurial opportunities is different for women than for men. Therefore, it is very important to carry out researches with the aim of identifying factors that influence the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among women. Considering that in many developing countries, women have less access to financial resources than men, so this is one of the reasons for the low level of economic participation of women. In this regard, the project of microcredit funds for financial support of women in order to start entrepreneurial businesses has been implemented in different countries, including Iran.Object: Now, after many years have passed since the establishment of these funds in Kermanshah province with the aim of financing the rural women of this region to start entrepreneurial businesses, the present study was conducted with the main aim of analyzing factors influencing the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah.Research Method: This paper in terms of the paradigm, purpose and method of data collection is quantitative research, applied research and field research study. The study population in this study were all women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah (N = 626) that according to the table of Bartlett et al., 201 of them using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment Were selected as research samples. The main data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using content validity and convergent validity and combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the collected data.Findings: Findings of the study showed that entrepreneurship education, social capital and entrepreneurial skills were the effective factors on entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. According the results About the trainings provided by the microcredit fund, most of the respondents (34.3%) stated that they participated in these trainings once or twice. Also, 35.3% of them stated that they have participated in the training provided by the agricultural extension between 1 and 2 times. In relation to receiving informal entrepreneurial training, as the results of the distribution of respondents in terms of the index of standard deviation distance from the mean show, the majority of respondents (91%) were in the lower and weak middle class. The average opportunity recognition ability of the respondents is 3.41 with a standard deviation of 0.60. Among the dimensions of the ability to recognize the opportunity, creating innovative solutions from the opportunity had a higher average (3.51) than other dimensions. Also, the findings of the study indicated that the average entrepreneurial skills of rural women members of the fund are 3.15 with a standard deviation of 0.63. As the findings, more than half of the respondents (56.7 percent) were in the lower middle class in terms of entrepreneurial skills. Overall the results of the study showed that rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah are at an average level in terms of the ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities. Also findings of the study showed that entrepreneurship education, social capital and entrepreneurial skills were the effective factors on entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that, in addition to the direct effect, entrepreneurial education has an indirect effect through social capital on the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities by rural women who are members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. The results of the present study indicated that entrepreneurial skills have a positive and significant effect on recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds in Kermanshah. Therefore, it can be concluded that by improving entrepreneurial skills, the ability to recognize opportunities among rural women members of microcredit funds can be improved. In fact, entrepreneurial skills such as planning and setting work goals, designing and developing a business plan, financial and accounting issues, analyzing problems and providing solutions help rural women to better address the gaps in the society and in fact to identify entrepreneurial opportunities.

Entrepreneurship

Conceptualizing the Components of the Women's Businesses Sustainability Model in Behbahan County

Fatemeh Alinejad; Morteza Akbari; Nematollah Shiri

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 717-741

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2022.340568.1008184

Abstract

Considering that women as half of the population in different societies, have a prominent role in the development of economic activities, therefore, it is necessary to provide mechanisms to improve their role in the development of entrepreneurship and business. The review of the research literature regarding ... Read More Considering that women as half of the population in different societies, have a prominent role in the development of economic activities, therefore, it is necessary to provide mechanisms to improve their role in the development of entrepreneurship and business. The review of the research literature regarding the sustainability of women's businesses and the factors affecting it shows the fact that, firstly, coherent studies have not been conducted regarding the identification of the factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses at the international level in general, at the national and local levels in particular, and secondly, the sustainability of women's businesses in Different regions are affected by different factors and the results of one region or sector cannot be generalized to the sustainability of women's businesses in other regions. Therefore, to analyze and conceptualize the sustainability model of women's businesses in Behbahan County, the present research seeks to identify the causal, contextual and intervening factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Also, the researchers seek to investigate the views and experiences of women business owners in Behbahan County, while identifying strategies and solutions to promote the sustainability of women's businesses in this region, and also identify and analyze the consequences of the development of women's sustainable businesses. Hence, the purpose of this study was to conceptualize the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. In the present research, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using the snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 businesswoman in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding processess. In the current research, the criteria of believability, reliability, confirmability and transferability were used to confirm the findings. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are influential in the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women’s businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women’s businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of the current research, the main components of the sustainability model of women's businesses were categorized into causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening factors, phenomena, strategies and consequences. Therefore, the results of the current research have appropriate theoretical and practical implications in the field of sustainability of women's businesses. In terms of the theoretical implications of this research, it filled the existing study gap regarding the dimensions of the sustainability model of women's businesses, and researchers in future studies can use this model as a robust framework for analyzing sustainability in women's businesses. In terms of practical implications, government and educational policymakers can take advantage of the results of this research in order to develop programs and solutions for stabilizing women's businesses.

presence of women in the board of directors and audit committee on financial irregularities

Vahid Oskou; Majid Moradi; Mohammad Norouzi; Sharzad Seraj

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 743-760

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.350519.1008272

Abstract

Based on the theory of gender socialization, women and men show different values when exposed to different moral development. Gender diversity expresses the differences in the moral and personality characteristics of men and women, and people's actions are a reflection of their inner thoughts and feelings. ... Read More Based on the theory of gender socialization, women and men show different values when exposed to different moral development. Gender diversity expresses the differences in the moral and personality characteristics of men and women, and people's actions are a reflection of their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors makes the organization more effective and reduces the representation costs of companies, and this also reduces financial irregularities in companies through the opportunistic behavior of managers. The development of the capital market and the rules established by the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization in line with the regulatory environment in accepted companies have increased the level of management in companies. However, due to information asymmetry between shareholders and managers, accounting irregularities also exist. However, according to the fuzzy management theory, when the firm's performance is poor, managers tend to provide information in a vague and complex manner because the market may react to the information disclosed in a complex manner with a delay. The purpose of this research is the effect of the presence of women in the board of directors and the audit committee on accounting irregularities. In terms of purpose, the current research is an applied research, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a post-event semi-experimental research in the field of accounting proof research, that is, it is based on the analysis of past information. In terms of data analysis method, it is correlation research. The current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a post-event semi-experimental research in the field of accounting proof research, that is, it is based on the analysis of past information. In terms of the data analysis method, it is correlational research, because the current research seeks to find the relationship between research variables in a statistical community. The research data were collected from the compact discs of the statistical and image archive of the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization, the Tehran Stock Exchange website, Rahvard Navin software. Finally, according to the volume of samples, the 13th version of Eviews software and Stata were used for data analysis. Based on the theory of gender socialization, men and women show different values when exposed to different moral development. Gender diversity expresses the differences in the moral and personality characteristics of men and women, and people's actions are a reflection of their inner thoughts and feelings. Therefore, the presence of women in the composition of the audit committee and the board of directors increases the effectiveness of the organization and reduces the costs of representing companies. The findings of the research indicate that the presence of women in the audit committee reduces financial irregularities in companies. Also, the findings indicate that the presence of women in the board of directors can have a negative and significant impact on financial irregularities through monitoring the opportunistic behavior of managers.

Women's Studies

Qualitative study of the challenges of the participation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in realizing social support for vulnerable families: Tehran city

Nasimosadat Mahbobi Sharyat Panahi; Mahdie Mohammad taghizade

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 761-779

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2022.350968.1008273

Abstract

Nowadays, social development is a concept of great importance for social theorists. One of the key indicators of development is the amount of active participation of non - governmental organizations due to the fact that one of their significant roles is to take care of quality of life of all people. ... Read More Nowadays, social development is a concept of great importance for social theorists. One of the key indicators of development is the amount of active participation of non - governmental organizations due to the fact that one of their significant roles is to take care of quality of life of all people. Regarding this, social development of nations depends on non - governmental organizations ’s participation in advocacy of rights of social groups and deprived individuals. Given that social support for families at risk of social damage has been related to individuals’ responsibility and accountability on one hand and social rights of individuals on the other hand. Based on this perspective non - governmental organization’s participation and studying their challenges can facilitate supporting these families. So, this paper as a qualitative study scrutinizes non - governmental organization’s participation in realization of social support for vulnerable families. This study was carried out with qualitative Approach with Content Analysis Method. In the present study, samples were selected using target sampling. For this method shows the selection is purposeful and crucialFor this purpose, 20 women working in the women's social sector were selected through targeted sampling from 50 women based in Tehran working in this field. The first list of all non - governmental organizations was received from the Vice President for Women and Family. Therefore, 20 women working in the women's social field were selected through targeted sampling among 50 women working in this field based in Tehran. In total, according to the elaboration and acceptance of the interview, 10 non - governmental organizations were analyzed in the research, the interviews continued until information saturation, up to more interviews did not give the researcher any new information and did not suggest a new category. It was important that women were represented in the samples as voluntary participation in the area of family and injury is generally welcomed by women and women play a more important role in this matter. From this point of view, being a female was an important indicator for the research to obtain data from the highest participation group.The main question of the present study is, what are the challenges in the participation of the non - governmental organizations in the access of families to social services? The repetition frequency was also compiled based on the repetition in the interviews for each finding. The highest frequency of repetition in intra-organizational challenges included economic problems, managerial weakness, and unfamiliarity with members' cooperative work coordinates, respectively, and the lowest frequency was dedicated to insufficient awareness, knowledge, and expertise in the field of vulnerable families. Also, the highest frequency of repetition in extra-organizational challenges, respectively, includes a charitable perception of the activity of non - governmental organizations and a political perception of the activity of non - governmental organizations in the field of damage, and the lowest frequency of repetition in extra-organizational challenges is simultaneously due to the weakness of networking in non - governmental organizations and lack of transparency. It has a legal structure.The results of the research emphasize that it should be noted that the participation of farmers cannot be seen only in a linear spectrum of zero and one, but based on the type and manner of their activity, the amount of their participation should be based on a spectrum with two ends from passive participation to active participation.From this point of view, the activity of non - governmental organizations will be defined from an active participation to a passive participation, and in between, there will be semi-active and without any doubt semi-passive, etc. Also, the findings of the research indicate that in the field of education, the activity of non - governmental organizations is active participation, but in the field of gender politics, this participation tends to be passive. It should be noted that education has been given more attention by non - governmental organizations not only as an aspect of social services, but also as a tool for the realization of other aspects of social services used by them to achieve their goals. So, this kind of the participation of the non - governmental organizations is not properly and efficiency in the field of for vulnerable families.

Rural Development

Identifying the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in the development of rural women's home businesses

Naser Seifollahi; Golsum Akbari Arbatan

Volume 21, Issue 3 , September 2023, , Pages 780-806

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.351079.1008275

Abstract

The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, ... Read More The modern world has already taken the first step towards a fundamental technological reality, the digital economy. The modern global labor market is a complex multi-component and dynamic system that is constantly influenced by information technology and requires changes in the content of the work process, its organization, the structure of employment and social and labor relations. The use of digital technologies creates new opportunities for businesses, including businesses located in rural areas, to enhance business growth and economic development, businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas often suffer from poor digital connectivity and digital exclusion, including lack of access Internet and low levels of digital literacy, they face problems. With this aim, this research has developed and validated a conceptual framework with thematic analysis method in a descriptive manner, through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The statistical population includes experts and experts and rural business owners, among whom 12 people were selected by purposeful sampling and participated in this study. The reliability of interview analysis is 79%. In order to ensure the validity of the research, it was tried to be a statistical sample of people who have the necessary knowledge and expertise in the context of the research, as well as to minimize the intervention of researchers in the research, and also to refer the coding result to a number of experts and obtain their final approval regarding the extraction framework. Findings of the study showed that, the challenges and opportunities of the digital economy in rural businesses, which include two comprehensive and central themes, 10 organizing themes and 52 basic themes. The opportunities facing the digital economy in rural businesses with 5 organizing themes and 21 basic concepts include things such as job value creation, convergence of technology with economic goals, global customer orientation, networking capability, business resilience, which can transform the capability into potential value in the implementation of the economy. They provide digital. It refers to the challenges and problems and factors involved in the implementation of digital technologies in rural businesses. It includes 5 organizing themes and 31 primary concepts, which are: digital process gaps, creating a black economy for rural businesses, adverse social effects, cultural aspects, technological risks that make the implementation of the digital economy more difficult. The results of the present study indicated that, The rapid growth of the digital economy, and especially the COVID-19 pandemic, has accelerated the spread of digital technology use, leading to an urgent need to align rural women's home businesses with government policies. Many rural women's home businesses have been digitally deprived due to the digital divide and the resulting limitations. They may face challenging business conditions to continue their careers. In addition, the female workforce in rural areas lacks the necessary flexibility in labor markets to adapt. This shows that rural women's home businesses should use technology and upgrade training programs to equip themselves with the right skill sets.. Therefore, during the rapid digital transformation, not only should immediate investment be considered in digital connectivity and networks for rural businesses that are underserved by digital services, but also digital skills and literacy should be increased and help absorb new digital innovations.

Sociology

Presenting a Model and Explaining Ways to Reduce Gender Inequality in Iran’s Sports Management

Marzieh Movafaq; Rasool Nazari; Elham Moshkelgosha

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 807-836

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.354500.1008306

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to present a model to explain the ways to reduce gender inequality in Iran's sports management. Philosophically, this research is interpretationist and from the point of view of inductive approach. In terms of strategy, this study is a data base theory type and a qualitative ... Read More

Sociology

Pathology of Tehran women's political participation based on grounded theory

Mahdieh Akhondi; Karam Habibpour Gatabi; Zahra Hazrati Some'eh

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 837-866

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.351881.1008284

Abstract

The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative ... Read More

Women's Studies

Phenomenology of Female Suicide in Dishmuk Region

Atefeh Rahmani; Mohsen Badreh; Zahra Mirhosseini

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 867-894

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.350732.1008274

Abstract

Suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its sub-communities, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. For several ... Read More

Women's Studies

A Qualitative Meta-Analysis of Scholarly Articles Concerning Poor-Supported Women in Iran

Hadieh Parhizkar; Azar Alimohammadi; Sediqeh Tahereh Asadzadeh; Maryam Hashempour Sadeghian

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 895-921

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.351551.1008280

Abstract

The purpose of the current research is to review and analyze the qualitative studies conducted in the field of abused women. In this regard, all scientific-research articles with the keyword "poor-Supported women" in the time period of 2005 to 2000 were extracted from the academic-scientific database ... Read More

Entrepreneurship

An Examination of the Meta-Analysis of the Influence of Cultural Attitude on the Formation of Women's Social Entrepreneurship

Hossein Sadeghi; Azhin Abbaspour; Goodarz Shahmoradi

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 923-942

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.352797.1008297

Abstract

In today's world, where various scientific researches, particularly in the field of entrepreneurship, are taking place at a high rate, a meaningful engagement with observable, tangible, and practical outcomes for solving human challenges is challenging. One of these areas is the cultural approach to ... Read More

Rural Development

Analyzing the Behavioral Intention of Rural Women Members of Local Micro-Credit Funds in Lorestan Province towards Self-Employment

Fatemeh Movahdian; Saeed Gholamrezai; Fatemeh Rahimi-Feyzabad

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 943-973

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.356068.1008321

Abstract

Rural women's employment can be one of the ways to generate income, reduce the pressure on resources, and as a result, rural development. Meanwhile, the cooperative sector can play a significant role in the employment of rural women. But a vital issue that is important in this regard is the factors that ... Read More

Welfare and Planning

Identifying the Dimensions and Components Affecting the Formation of Desirable Urban Spaces for Women by Using the Meta-Analysis Method

Mana Vahid Bafandeh; Melika Vahid Bafandeh; Javad Imani Shamloo

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 975-998

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.355914.1008320

Abstract

Analyzing the relationship between gender and space elucidates the roles and needs of both men and women, particularly in urban spaces. This analysis aids in understanding how the constructive roles of women contribute to the production and reproduction of desirable social relations in urban spaces. ... Read More

Sociology

Elderly women and the experience of social exclusion (Case study: women living in nursing house of Khorramabad city)

Fatemeh Bazgir; Jamal Mohammadi

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 999-1027

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.354608.1008309

Abstract

This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s ... Read More

Entrepreneurship

Gender dynamics in the workplace: Coaching strategies for women in the organization

Ehsan Chitsaz; Pedram Adibfar

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 1029-1055

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.357615.1008332

Abstract

Despite significant progress in promoting gender justice in the workplace, gender dynamics further affect women's career opportunities and advancement. This article highlights coaching strategies to help female clients navigate these dynamics and advance their careers. Drawing on research and best practices, ... Read More

Women's Studies

Designing a Strategic Plan for the Championship Sport Development of Women in North Khorasan Province

Mohammad Reihani; Shahram Abdi

Volume 21, Issue 4 , December 2023, , Pages 1059-1086

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.357845.1008333

Abstract

This study aimed to design a strategic plan for championship women's sports development in North Khorasan province. The present study was applied in terms of descriptive-survey research method in terms of purpose and mixed (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of data collection. The statistical population ... Read More

economics

Analysis of unemployment duration of men and women job seekers referring to job centers of the country in the period of 2012-2018

saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 October 2022

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2022.342909.1008208

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ... Read More The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,t

Board Gender Diversity and Investment Inefficiency with a moderating role of the board independence and the CEO tenure

mahdi filsaraei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.352363.1008290

Abstract

This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly ... Read More This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly negative correlated with investment inefficiency. According to the analysis of past information, this research is a quasi-experimental type of research. Also, due to the fact that the results obtained from the research solve a specific problem or issue, in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is of the type of correlation analysis with regression approach. Due to the fact that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is a type of post-event research. In terms of theory, the research is of the affirmative research type and in terms of reasoning, it is of the inductive type. On the other hand, this research is a type of quasi-experimental research in the field of financial and accounting research. In terms of the hypothesis testing model, the current research is considered one of the correlational researches (type of correlational research). The research data is also a type of composite data. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research is investigated using the multivariate linear regression model.In order to that, the research hypothesis was based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 companies during the years 2017 to2021 and tested using multivariate regression models. The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But the CEO's tenure does not moderate the relationship between the gender diversity of the board and investment inefficiency. Research results show that gender diversity of the board of directors helps monitoring, especially when corporate governance is weak. Some researchers have found that women are more risk-taking and conservative in making investment decisions. Female directors are more likely to join supervisory committees, and boards with higher proportions of female directors use more equity-based compensation for their directors. In summary, the results show that the gender diversity of the supervisory board increases and reduces investment inefficiency. The presence of a female manager at the head of the organization as a managing director or as a member of the company's board of directors can have positive effects on improving the performance with more supervision from the female manager according to their personality characteristics and also improving the quality of providing financial reports, increasing the company's efficiency and increase productivity. Men and women, exposed to different moral development, tend to develop different values, which leads to different attitudes and behaviors. For example, men attribute value to money, progress, and power, while women are more concerned with social relationships and are interested in performing assigned tasks more effectively and are more likely to obey rules. In addition, compared to boards where all directors are men, women can present different views in the board of directors and make more informed decisions, leading to increased transparency at the level of the board of directors.

Women's Studies

Explaining the intellectual basis of empowering Muslim women

Jamileh Alamolhoda; parastoo alikhani; morteza rezaeizadeh; esmaeal jafari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 May 2023

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.352745.1008293

Abstract

Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and ... Read More Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women. Of course, the findings of this research cannot be generalized due to its qualitative nature, and in order to formalize one or more Iranian-Islamic intellectual foundations, it requires qualitative and quantitative efforts by other researchers as well.Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women.

Women's Studies

Providing a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies

Amir Asgari; Sahebeh Masoudi; Maedeh Taghizadeh Tabarsi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2023.358478.1008336

Abstract

Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these ... Read More Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these policies and implemented projects. Empowering women and promoting gender equality are recognized as important factors for achieving sustainable development and reducing poverty around the world. Despite significant progress over the years, gender inequality still exists in various areas of life, including education, employment, health, and political activities. In order to solve these inequalities, it is important to understand the effective factors in their occurrence and provide solutions for them. One of the research areas that has attracted a lot of attention in this field, especially in recent years, is called cognitive science. Recent research has shown that cognitive science, through examining the mechanisms of the formation of mental concepts, and by combining it with behaviorism through the simultaneous examination of the mind, language, social behavior, and social technical systems, not only provides a clearer understanding of the way humans encounter various phenomena, but also makes available ways to analyze and improve them in different contexts.In this regard, this research provides a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies using a two-step method that involves scoping review and content analysis. The results of this research, including 18 key elements of women's empowerment based on cognitive studies, along with the presented conceptual framework, aid experts, researchers, and individuals interested in the fields of empowerment, governance, and women in reaching their answers for policy-making and decision-making processes. The achievements also help to build networks among various related concepts for designing further applied research. One of the key benefits of the research presented in this study is that it emphasizes the importance of incorporating cognitive science research into policy-making and decision-making processes for women's empowerment. By understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie gender inequality, policymakers and experts can design more effective interventions and programs that address the root causes of these inequalities. This can lead to more sustainable and long-term solutions that not only benefit women but also promote overall economic and social development. Furthermore, by integrating cognitive science research into governance studies, it is possible to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between individual cognition and social behavior. This interdisciplinary approach can facilitate the development of more nuanced and sophisticated policies and programs that take into account the diverse contexts and experiences of women across different cultures and societies. Overall, this research highlights the immense potential of cognitive science research for achieving greater gender equality and empowering women around the world.The current research is also important in creating schemas of applied research with the aim of creating a connection between different fields of governance studies and cognitive science studies. It can open up conceptual gaps as well as paths for further studies for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, providing a wide range of topics and concepts

Volume 22 (2024)

Volume 21 (2023)

Volume 20 (2022)

Volume 19 (2021)

Volume 18 (2020)

Volume 17 (2019)

Volume 16 (2018)

Volume 15 (2017)

Volume 14 (2016)

Volume 13 (2015)

Volume 12 (2014)

Volume 11 (2013)

Volume 10 (2012)

Volume 9 (2011)

Volume 8 (2010)

Volume 7 (2009)

Volume 6 (2008)

Volume 5 (2007)

Volume 4 (2006)

Volume 3 (2005)

Volume 2 (2004)

Volume 1 (2003)

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