economics
saadolah darabi; Hossein Mahmoudian
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration ...
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The purpose of this research is to analyze of unemployment duration and compare it among Iranian men and women in the period of 2012-2018. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of four variables of gender and age, education level, and marital status of unemployment duration of job seekers aged 20 to 45 referring to employment centers across the country. This study has been carried out with the help of the statistical technique of survival background analysis, through the refinement and analysis of about two million data records (collected by job seekers across the country and under the supervision of the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare). The findings of this study indicate that compared to men, women have longer periods of unemployment and less chance to get a job. In explaining this finding, it can be said; Probably, one of the reasons could be that there are more jobs for men that do not suit the conditions of women. And in other words, women are facing limited job variety. Marriage and having children and raising children by women can also be one of the reasons for increasing the length of their unemployment period compared to men, which can be justified according to gender theories. Because gender theories, especially in Iranian culture, consider the main duties of women to be mainly education and upbringing of children, while in this culture, providing the income needed by the family has been the responsibility of men, and therefore it is expected to impose such a duty on men. to reduce the period of unemployment for this group.Women and men looking for work in the age groups of 20 to 24 years have a lower average length of unemployment and more chances to get a job and get out of unemployment compared to other age groups. This finding can be explained with the help of job search theory. Because people aged 25 to 45, probably due to the improvement of their education level and skills, have more expectations for receiving high-paying jobs, and this causes them not to accept any job with any level of pay and therefore give up. They search for more jobs, which ultimately increases the length of the unemployment period among these people. Married, divorced and widowed job seekers (except for divorced and widowed men) have a lower risk of unemployment than single people. It seems that married, divorced and widowed people (especially among women) are under more pressure than single people to get a job in order to earn money and meet the needs of the family due to family responsibility and the burden of taking care of the family. They usually accept any job with any salary level. On the other hand, single people, due to having enough opportunity and without financial pressures, decide to accept or not accept the proposed job, and this may lead to an increase in the length of their unemployment period compared to married people. It is consistent with job search theory.In both groups of men and women, uneducated job seekers have the highest unemployment risk and people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest unemployment risk category. The chances of leaving unemployment are higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels. This finding can be explained based on the skill theory (education and training). According to this theory, training and skill training programs increase the chances of a job seeker to find a job. Participating in training programs can provide a positive sign to employers and also reduce uncertainty about the employability of job applicants. According to other findings of this study, people with a master's degree and doctorate are in the second highest risk of unemployment. have. On the other hand, the chance of leaving unemployment is higher for people with secondary, diploma, pre-university and seminary education levels compared to other education levels, so it seems that Iran's labor market has not yet reached a stage of complexity and maturity. which wants people with education levels higher than diploma on a wide level. And almost the skill requirement of the labor market has remained at the same diploma and sub-diploma levels for most jobs, due to the lack of innovation and the very slow growth of skill-oriented jobs.Therefore, it is suggested to pay serious attention to the changes in the age and gender structure of the population in the policy making and management process of the country's labor market. Women are half of the country's population,t
mahdi filsaraei
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly ...
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This paper investigates the impact of board gender diversity on a firm’s investment inefficiency. We document that firms with gender-diverse boards have significantly less investment inefficiency than firms without gender-diverse board and the fraction of female directors on the board is significantly negative correlated with investment inefficiency. According to the analysis of past information, this research is a quasi-experimental type of research. Also, due to the fact that the results obtained from the research solve a specific problem or issue, in terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is of the type of correlation analysis with regression approach. Due to the fact that this research uses past information to test hypotheses, it is a type of post-event research. In terms of theory, the research is of the affirmative research type and in terms of reasoning, it is of the inductive type. On the other hand, this research is a type of quasi-experimental research in the field of financial and accounting research. In terms of the hypothesis testing model, the current research is considered one of the correlational researches (type of correlational research). The research data is also a type of composite data. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the research is investigated using the multivariate linear regression model.In order to that, the research hypothesis was based on a statistical sample consisting of 108 companies during the years 2017 to2021 and tested using multivariate regression models. The analysis of the research sample shows that there is a significant negative relationship between the gender diversity of the board of directors and investment inefficiency. The results also showed that board independence moderates the relationship between board gender diversity and investment inefficiency. But the CEO's tenure does not moderate the relationship between the gender diversity of the board and investment inefficiency. Research results show that gender diversity of the board of directors helps monitoring, especially when corporate governance is weak. Some researchers have found that women are more risk-taking and conservative in making investment decisions. Female directors are more likely to join supervisory committees, and boards with higher proportions of female directors use more equity-based compensation for their directors. In summary, the results show that the gender diversity of the supervisory board increases and reduces investment inefficiency. The presence of a female manager at the head of the organization as a managing director or as a member of the company's board of directors can have positive effects on improving the performance with more supervision from the female manager according to their personality characteristics and also improving the quality of providing financial reports, increasing the company's efficiency and increase productivity. Men and women, exposed to different moral development, tend to develop different values, which leads to different attitudes and behaviors. For example, men attribute value to money, progress, and power, while women are more concerned with social relationships and are interested in performing assigned tasks more effectively and are more likely to obey rules. In addition, compared to boards where all directors are men, women can present different views in the board of directors and make more informed decisions, leading to increased transparency at the level of the board of directors.
Women's Studies
Jamileh Alamolhoda; parastoo alikhani; morteza rezaeizadeh; esmaeal jafari
Abstract
Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and ...
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Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women. Of course, the findings of this research cannot be generalized due to its qualitative nature, and in order to formalize one or more Iranian-Islamic intellectual foundations, it requires qualitative and quantitative efforts by other researchers as well.Goal: It seems that most of the theories of women's empowerment have been formed in accordance with the idea of feminism and based on the paradigm of gender and development, which is also influenced by the idea of humanism. Therefore, it is incompatible with the characteristics of Islamic societies and cannot be considered as an intellectual foundation for the empowerment of Muslim women: Some of these reasons are: 1- Moral values and spiritual aspects of human life are not very relevant. 2- Emancipation and relativism in defining sexual identity can destroy the dignity of women. 3- Dominance of some special values by advanced countries should not be accepted without considering local culture and norms. As a result, it becomes necessary to identify a set of principles derived from divine perception to act as a foundation for empowering Muslim women. The current research sought to identify these principles.Research method: What principles govern the Islamic understanding of gender issues? In response to this question, the researchers committed to the interpretation paradigm; Because in order to derive principles about gender issues in Islamic perception, one should also refer to the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers. The research question was raised in 8 focus group meetings with 32 Muslim researchers and thinkers who sought to expand Islamic perception in the matter of empowering Muslim women in their research or social activities. The role of the researchers in the focus group meetings was limited to encouraging the members to ask each other or comment on the experiences and views raised. Through open coding, the spoken evidence of the sessions was analyzed and through the participant feedback method, the validity of the findings was increased.Findings: Six principles were found as the governing principles of Islamic understanding of the concept of gender, which were: complementarianism, dynamics in time and place, social emotion, selectivity, equality in opportunities for excellence, and competitiveness. There are internal relationships among these principles. For example, complementarianism is one of the effects of competition avoidance, or social affection is a prerequisite for providing equal opportunities for excellence.Conclusion: The six principles obtained have a greater capacity than the three dominant-egalitarian-liberating mentalities for empowering Muslim women. The importance of context and environment, in addition to the failure of non-divine intellectual foundations in empowering women, can be counted among the reasons for this. Of course, rethinking gender according to an Islamic understanding has been the focus of researchers such as Abbasi and Mousavi (2014) and Qasimpour and Aliabadi (2017) and they have emphasized on referring to religious texts and rereading them correctly. However, the mentality and experiences of Muslim thinkers have not been analyzed. Identifying these principles can guide economic, educational, social, cultural, social, and political empowerment and act as an umbrella for the empowerment of Muslim women.
Women's Studies
Amir Asgari; Sahebeh Masoudi; Maedeh Taghizadeh Tabarsi
Abstract
Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these ...
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Women's empowerment is a topic included in a wide range of programs and policies implemented by different institutions around the world. However, cognitive characteristics and research in the field of cognitive sciences, specifically regarding cognitive abilities, have been neglected in many of these policies and implemented projects. Empowering women and promoting gender equality are recognized as important factors for achieving sustainable development and reducing poverty around the world. Despite significant progress over the years, gender inequality still exists in various areas of life, including education, employment, health, and political activities. In order to solve these inequalities, it is important to understand the effective factors in their occurrence and provide solutions for them. One of the research areas that has attracted a lot of attention in this field, especially in recent years, is called cognitive science. Recent research has shown that cognitive science, through examining the mechanisms of the formation of mental concepts, and by combining it with behaviorism through the simultaneous examination of the mind, language, social behavior, and social technical systems, not only provides a clearer understanding of the way humans encounter various phenomena, but also makes available ways to analyze and improve them in different contexts.In this regard, this research provides a framework for empowering women in governance based on cognitive science studies using a two-step method that involves scoping review and content analysis. The results of this research, including 18 key elements of women's empowerment based on cognitive studies, along with the presented conceptual framework, aid experts, researchers, and individuals interested in the fields of empowerment, governance, and women in reaching their answers for policy-making and decision-making processes. The achievements also help to build networks among various related concepts for designing further applied research. One of the key benefits of the research presented in this study is that it emphasizes the importance of incorporating cognitive science research into policy-making and decision-making processes for women's empowerment. By understanding the cognitive mechanisms that underlie gender inequality, policymakers and experts can design more effective interventions and programs that address the root causes of these inequalities. This can lead to more sustainable and long-term solutions that not only benefit women but also promote overall economic and social development. Furthermore, by integrating cognitive science research into governance studies, it is possible to establish a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between individual cognition and social behavior. This interdisciplinary approach can facilitate the development of more nuanced and sophisticated policies and programs that take into account the diverse contexts and experiences of women across different cultures and societies. Overall, this research highlights the immense potential of cognitive science research for achieving greater gender equality and empowering women around the world.The current research is also important in creating schemas of applied research with the aim of creating a connection between different fields of governance studies and cognitive science studies. It can open up conceptual gaps as well as paths for further studies for those interested in interdisciplinary studies, providing a wide range of topics and concepts
Women's Studies
Hossein Moshkabadi Mohajer; zeinab Moshkabadi Mohajer
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of some socio-economic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of covid-19 based on gender segregation, between two groups of women and men using data from Mashhad-Iran. In this article, the data was collected by questionnaire ...
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This study investigates the effect of some socio-economic factors on income, savings and employment status during the outbreak and spread of covid-19 based on gender segregation, between two groups of women and men using data from Mashhad-Iran. In this article, the data was collected by questionnaire method and the regressions related to the status of income, savings and employment were analyzed using SPSS software. The statistical population of the research includes 1093 people, of which 523 are women and 570 are men. We aim to fill this gap in the literature and examine the effects of Covid-19 on gender inequality in income, savings and employment status using rich micro-data from a survey. This survey was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic in September 2021. Considering that such a research has not been done in Iran so far, and in similar foreign researches, the effect of variables such as loans and socio-economic class has not been examined, in this respect the present research is innovative. Due to the fact that this disease has caused the most damage to the service sector, especially tourism services, and the economy of Mashhad is also dependent on this sector, therefore, in a case study, the effects of Corona on the economy of Mashhad city were investigated. It was given so that by identifying the effective factors in the reduction of income, savings and the worsening of the job situation and providing solutions, it is possible to get out of the existing situation in times of crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic provided in the shortest possible time. The results after the regression analysis at the 95% confidence level indicate that older people, tenants and households with more members have experienced a decrease in income and savings, and men are more affected than women. By improving the income class, education and socio-economic status, it is possible to reduce the damage caused by Corona, and in this context, the reduction in the damage of women is more than that of men. Therefore, it is in line with the researches of Palano et al. (2020), McGee et al. (2022), Biland et al. (2022), Dang (2020), Chi Bucari et al. (2020) and Ehlert (2021). Among different jobs, self-employed jobs were more damaged by Corona than government and salaried jobs. These results are supported considering that the major part of Mashhad's economy is services and generally tourism services, because according to the announcement of the relevant institutions, such as the Central Bank and the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization, this sector is the most damaged. It has suffered from the corona epidemic. Therefore, it is logical that the people who have been working in this sector, which are generally related to freelancers and salaried workers in the private sector, have experienced the most damage. The great desire to be employed in government jobs can be for the same reason. This issue is another innovation in the current research that was not observed in similar foreign researches, and due to the importance of employment in the private and public sector in Iranian society, it was discussed in this field. In this regard, occupational injuries and losses have been more in women than in men. Therefore, it can be stated that working women have more vulnerable jobs than working men, and when crises such as the Covid-19 epidemic crisis occur, they will suffer more occupational damage than men.
Women's Studies
Zahra Sadat Mirhashemi
Abstract
IntroductionThe family is the most sacred institution in terms of the holy law, whose members are under the umbrella of mental and physical security, and the woman is considered the most important member of this institution. In the culture and customs of many societies, women spend all or a large part ...
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IntroductionThe family is the most sacred institution in terms of the holy law, whose members are under the umbrella of mental and physical security, and the woman is considered the most important member of this institution. In the culture and customs of many societies, women spend all or a large part of their time and energy on doing household chores and managing and raising children.Carrying out such activities based on Sharia and law is not part of their duties and assignments, but normally, no salary is set for it. Therefore, there is no direct financial benefit for them from this way, for this reason, in many cases, due to this lack of financial independence and the lack of earning economic income independently, women are in need to meet their smallest financial needs outside the scope of alimony, and in many cases In these cases, no answer is given, or if they do, they face threats from the couple.On the other hand, based on the economic thinking that governs today''s world society that values people based on earning more, in the discussed issue, housewives do not have income despite doing household activities, and in some cases even with neglect and lack of income. Appreciation of other family members and society is faced, which causes lack of self-confidence and lack of value and induces the absurdity of activities. This is reflected in some field research. While in our jurisprudence and law, the right to demand wages is considered for doing the work that a woman does at home, so that if this ruling is implemented, the financial independence of the wife will be realized. But unfortunately, in the traditional culture, the demand for wages is not only not implemented, but its demand is not considered acceptable.According to Islamic jurisprudence, a woman''s work at home is not a duty, but rather a virtue that if she provides to the family for free, it will be rewarded, and if she wants to receive a wage for it, the law has given her the right to demand; But in traditional culture, women''s rights are ignored, and in some cases, demanding it is considered ugly; Therefore, the current research has been carried out with the aim of explaining the effect and relationship of policy making in order to implement the decree of receiving the wages of female housewives with the development of family strength and solving the problems of lack of financial independence and the absurdity of the activities of housewives. With regard to the ruling of the holy Shariah regarding the possibility of demanding exemplary wages, the question arises as to the role of politics in supporting the full implementation of Sharia rulings, especially the issue of exemplary wages, in solving the problems caused by the absurdity of activities and the relative lack of financial independence of housewives and solving What are the consequences? In order to answer the question, it is necessary and necessary to first examine the position of policy making in support of the Shari''a ruling of paying the ideal wage in solving the problems of the absurdity of the activities of housewives and solving the problem of women''s lack of financial independence and its consequences.Research method In this research, by using the method of describing and analyzing and collecting materials in a library form, the relationship between the ruling on demand for exemplary wages and the philosophy and policy of Islamic jurisprudence in the implementation of the ruling on exemplary wages in preventing and solving the problems presented is examined and the necessary suggestions are made in order to achieve It will be designed as desired.Research findingsIn Islamic texts, the activity of housekeeping is valuable, and according to Islamic jurisprudence, a woman''s work at home is not a woman''s duty, but rather a virtue that if she wants to provide for her husband and children for free, it will be rewarded by God, and if she wants, like other economic activities in If he receives a salary in return, the Shariah has given him the right to claim under the name of salary for the days of marriage.Among the women''s financial rights in Islam, the implementation of the ruling on women''s domestic work provides financial independence for women.In spite of the importance of housekeeping in Islam, unfortunately, housekeeping activities are considered worthless in the traditional culture and despite the right to demand wages from the Sharia, demanding it is considered ugly and indecent.Carrying out housework without pay by housewives has caused problems such as feelings of insignificance and emptiness and fatigue and desire to engage in economic activities outside the home environment and mistrust of their work in the society, and as a result, their mental and physical health is at risk. falls down. Therefore, according to research reports, the rate of depression in housewives is higher than that of working women.conclusionIf housekeeping is valued as it is valued in Islam, the major mental and physical problems of women in housekeeping will be solved.It seems that the philosophy of the ruling on demanding the ideal wage in the Shariah is in accordance with the needs of women and is a reason to prevent the problems of housewives, in addition to this, relative financial independence has been achieved for women and as a result, they feel empty financially and psychologically. and with material and spiritual support from the wife and the government, they act more effectively in the direction of strengthening the family foundation.Housewives turn to economic activities and employment outside the home to fill the gaps caused by the lack of importance and material and spiritual value to housework, which will reduce the fertility rate. While with the full implementation of the policy that the legislator of Islam (Sharia) has taken to include the right to claim the ideal wage, the problems of women''s lack of financial independence in the family and the absurdity of the activities of housewives are prevented, and through this way, independence and security Finances will be provided for women and it will increase women''s focus on family and raising children.
Fatemeh Jafari Naeimi; Ali Ruhani; Maliheh Alimondegari
Abstract
From spirituality to rationality:, exploring the paths of adaptation and survival of marginalized immigrant women in Yazd cityThe mobility and movement of the population shows the dynamics and effort of people who consider the field of effort limited for themselves in a geographical place. Therefore, ...
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From spirituality to rationality:, exploring the paths of adaptation and survival of marginalized immigrant women in Yazd cityThe mobility and movement of the population shows the dynamics and effort of people who consider the field of effort limited for themselves in a geographical place. Therefore, they migrate as a rational natural process (Akbari et al., 2020). Coleman states that one of the most important features of the third demographic transition is the increase in immigration (Coleman, 2006). Also, Castells and Miller, consider the feminization of immigration as one of the characteristics of the era of immigration (Mushfiq & Khazaei, 2015). Research shows changes in the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of women's migration. As in the quantitative dimension, women make up almost half of the immigrants, and in the qualitative dimension, they are no longer just dependent immigrants, but play a very decisive and active role in the migration flows (Radowicz, 2021: 39). In 2020, the ratio of immigrant women to the world's female population was 3.5% and the ratio of immigrant men to the world's male population was 3.7% (United Nation, 2022). Surveys in Iran also indicate an increase in the presence of women in migration flows, including a higher percentage of intra-provincial migrations of women than men. According to the net migration in the periods of 2006-2011 and 2011-2016, Yazd province is one of the first four provinces of the country that accept immigrants and is a desirable and suitable immigration destination for both sexes (Mahmoudian & Mahmoudiani, 2018:60). This research tries to answer these basic questions: How do marginal and low-income immigrant women survive in Yazd city? Are their actions based on rationality or spiritual ? What is the trajectory of their life from the origin to the destination and how are their activities formed? In the current research, qualitative methodology and grounded theory approach with the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (2008) have been used. The participants in this research were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling. The inclusion criteria of the participants were as follows: they must be female and have immigration experience (independent/subordinate). In the selection of samples, an effort has been made to include diversity such as women's age, marital status, literacy level, job field and the type and reason of migration (independent-subordinate) and the diversity of the provinces of origin. In order to find reliable data, the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. In this regard, in the period from July to October 2022, with 21 women who immigrated to Yazd from different provinces of the country and the duration of their stay in this city is more than two years and they had the mentioned characteristics; the interview took place. The data collection tool in this research was a semi-structured interview. Data analysis in a consistent, orderly and continuous process led to the formation of the core category of survival from spirituality to rationality. The findings showed that origin bonds, incapacity at the origin, unlived life, fear of migration, generational gap and persistent tension have played a role in the formation of the central phenomenon of survival from spirituality to rationality as causal conditions. Among the personal and social characteristics of the participants, which have influenced the phenomenon and also influenced the strategies, are the categories of individualism, self-defeating and fatalism. In this regard, structural and macro conditions such as the lack of security at the origin, the vortex of origin, normative-hegemonic pressures against women and policy errors as interfering conditions have facilitated or limited the implementation of the strategy. Substitution of goals in children, assimilation tendencies and standing and constructive hope are the strategies that immigrant women have adopted in order to maintain survival due to the intervening conditions and background conditions affecting the phenomenon. The consequences of adopting the strategies have been transformation in the destination, fear of life in the destination, institutionalized mistrust, solidarity of poverty and misery. In the real world, due to the connection of survival with material things, humans are forced to adopt rational strategies to ensure and facilitate it. Therefore, the ever-increasing repulsions of the origin, such as the attitude changes of girls and women of the new generation, contrary to their predecessors, especially mothers, in not accepting fate and political errors in the form of unequal distribution of resources in the country and the abandonment of some platforms by the government as conditions that threaten survival and achieving It makes a good life impossible, forces women to adopt a rational way and eventually migrate for their survival and that of their children. On the other hand, women with a purely rational action, such as the mere fatalism of their predecessors, are not able to bear the harsh conditions of migration, such as breaking away from their attachments in their hometown, overcoming the fear of migration and the fears of living in a new city. Although materialism is still considered the main inducement in this path, spirituality in immigrant women with the function of generating hope and healing, reduces the psychological damage resulting from this great change, and also increases the adaptability of immigrant women and provides a support for their efforts to Ensuring and facilitating survival. Despite the increasing migration of women; There are few studies in this field. The different aspects of women's migration require more extensive research in quantitative and qualitative dimensions, especially interdisciplinary. This leads to a better understanding of the migration process of this group and the adoption of more suitable policies to facilitate their lives in the destination, and it can ultimately lead to a more appropriate integration of them by reducing the social anomalies resulting from the increasing challenges of their lives in the new city.Funding : There is no funding support. Authors’ contribution : All the authors have contributed and played a constructive role in the preparation of this research. Conflict of interest : Authors declared no conflict of interest.Key words : Women, Internal migration, Marginalization, Adaptation and survival-oriented action, Yazd city.
Women's Studies
Faeze Zamanian; Majid Vesalinaseh; Elham Forouzandeh
Abstract
Introduction: Female athletes often experience significant challenges and tensions with their identity as both athlete and female. Especially if they participate in sports that are more masculine. One of the most challenges for female athletes is related to their body. The body has an important place ...
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Introduction: Female athletes often experience significant challenges and tensions with their identity as both athlete and female. Especially if they participate in sports that are more masculine. One of the most challenges for female athletes is related to their body. The body has an important place in the athletic context because of the accurate execution of skills. In men's sports, an ideal athletic body should be bigger and stronger, which is very different from today's ideal body standards for female beauty. While female gender roles in Iran emphasize wifehood, motherhood, dignity, soft-speaking, gentle behavior, feminine dress and appearance along with chastity, female soccer players try to prevent opponents from advancing and creating opportunities for score goals. therefore, they do aggressive and violent actions such as cutting passes (tackle) and physical contact with the soccer players. soccer is known as a sport that inherently has a high risk of injury. Hence, masculine values and characteristics such as muscular body along with the characteristics of physical strength, competitiveness, violence and hardness and even simple appearance and masculine clothing are being strengthened in female soccer players. The requirements of soccer make female athletes perform behaviors that are historically associated with the male gender roles. Therefore, women who participate in male sports are sometimes assumed to be abnormal in society and transgressing social expectations of female gender roles. Since the gender roles of femininity and the athletic role of women in soccer are different, they may perceive incongruence or conflict of their athletic and feminine identities. Studies have shown that female athletes have perceived conflict in relation to their body image and investing in their appearance. The sport of soccer presents a unique context in which to study body management in the paradox between femininity and athletic identity, as soccer has been perceived as a masculine sport. Therefore, it seems female soccer players experience the tensions and challenges related to their body and muscular structure. female athletes try to make appearance changes to gain social acceptance by their bodies. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the body management in female soccer players’ negotiation of their athletic and feminine identities in and outside of sport. Method: In this research, the qualitative research method of phenomenological analysis was used. The constructions of athletic, femininity and the body are in the form of female lived experience. according to the religious, cultural and traditional context of Iran, these constructions are unique. Therefore, the hidden layers of women's attitudes and experiences in this regard should be explored by using the qualitative methods in which way women can be heard. To collect data, an in-depth and semi-structured interview was conducted by eight female soccer players (19-27 years old) on Iranian super league. At first, the sampling started by the familiar people, and after the emergence of the basic concepts, it was continued by the theoretical sampling method until the theoretical saturation was reached. All interviews were recorded and then handwritten line by line. Analysis of findings was done during data collection and after that. The interviews lasted an average of 60 minutes. The information obtained from the written interviews was analyzed. Findings: Data analysis revealed the categories and concepts in two general sections after coding including: 1- The attitude of the female athlete about body, 2- body management inside and outside the context of soccer. Some participants perceived their athletic and feminine identities to be compatible in both athletic and social contexts. In this group, a type of experience emerged as the perception of compatible identities in which revealing both athletic identity and feminine identity in both contexts. These group of female soccer players create kind of body management as “athletic femininity” both in and outside of soccer context. Other participants experienced that femininity and athleticism are incompatible. Three general experiences are used to deal with this incompatibility which is visible through their body management. 1- revealing the athletic identities in sport contexts, and their feminine identities in social contexts. 2- highlighting the feminine identity in both contexts. 3- highlighting the athletic identity in both contexts. Conclusion: In general, participants tried to reduce the pressure caused by the perceived incompatibility between their athletic body and the femininity body by choosing these kinds of body management that obtained in the present study. “Bem's gender roles” support these four “gender body management experiences” which perceived by female soccer players in the present study. In addition, the female athletes in this study may have experienced satisfaction with their athletic performance due to their body shape to similar norms of the ideal athletic body. However, they had perceived dissatisfaction experience because of femininity performance, especially in shape of upper body. furthermore, the type of body management that they chose was influenced by the feedback were received from the community, soccer team, romantic partner, family, significant others, sports model, coach, and media. It is suggested that the coach, significant others, role models and media to provide the most appropriate physical feedback for female athletes, to reduce the double pressures on them in relation to their bodies. Also, the female athletes who have perceived an athletic femininity congruent should be presented as a suitable role model for athletic body management. Data analysis in this study appeared that Female soccer players manage their feminine or athletic identity through appearance and body management such as clothing, makeup, hair and body manipulation, behavior, tone of voice, and gender role tasks for decrease the negative tensions and pressures from this conflict. In addition, it revealed an overlap between perceptions of the (in)congruence of their athletic and feminine identities and the type of body management in which used by female soccer players. Applying this strategy regardless of whether it is positive or negative is a way to reduce the pressures of conflicts of identity incompatibility. This study provides useful information to practitioners, sports experts, sport psychologists and sociologists to be aware of the psychological and sociological pressures caused by incompatibility between the athletic body and the femininity body for female athletes and to help them remain in professional sports.
Women's Studies
Mohammad Reza Ghaeminik; hoda mostafaei
Abstract
The changes and developments of women's identity have been one of the most important issues of Iranian society after facing the modern western civilization. To understand these developments, we can analyze the developments that tried to establish social order. In the contemporary period of Iran, although ...
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The changes and developments of women's identity have been one of the most important issues of Iranian society after facing the modern western civilization. To understand these developments, we can analyze the developments that tried to establish social order. In the contemporary period of Iran, although Reza Khan's idea of forced modernization started in the early 1300s, but almost with the beginning of the construction (development) programs (1327) during the period of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the peak of their implementation since 1341(third program), the social order Western capitalism is expanding significantly in Iran. In this article, we have tried to show, relying on the analysis of development programs especially since 1341, that the social order of Iranian society has faced many challenges and under these challenges, women's identity has also been subjected to these changes. Furthermore, we have used to the critical theory of the Frankfurt school, which was formulated in Europe at the same time as the implementation of the capitalist development programs in Iran, for analyzed the social condition resulting from the implementation of these programs in Iran and have paid attention the cultural situation regarding the female identity. However, our usage from this theory, due to the fact that it takes place in the historical context of Iranian society, is only focused on the relationship between cultural developments and the capitalist order; With considering the role played by religious forces in Iran, the response of Iranian society to this identity challenge is different from the response of the Frankfurt school to the same phenomenon in Europe. From this point of view, in this article, we will pursue the analysis of women's identity with the focus on cultural components under the cultural aspect of capitalist development programs. This attention will help us to find out how the cultural politics of the second Pahlavi tried to advance the hard and physical politics of Reza Khan Pahlavi with more success; This is despite the fact that most of the researches that have been carried out about women's identity in contemporary Iran have focused on Reza khan’s policy of unveiling and have not considered the policies of Pahlavi II. For this purpose, the representation of women's identity through the influence of cinematographic works as a part of cultural policies was researched in this article. In order to advance the goals of the article, the method of discourse analysis has been used with laclau and mouffe's approach. This method was chosen because, on the one hand, it is compatible with the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, and on the other hand, it can show the mutual relationship between the historical background affected by the development of capitalism in this period and the text of the movies. laclau and mouffe's approach was also adopted due to the consideration of social phenomena and the possibility of analyzing this phenomenon. In this approach, it considers not only language but all social phenomena in the discourse, and because of its abstract level, it has more constructivism and provides the possibility of analyzing this phenomenon in the historical period in question. We followed up the findings of this research in three historical stages; First, the formation of the second Pahlavi government and the coming to power of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi until the beginning of the first construction program (1327), second, the historical period of the implementation of construction (development) programs from 1327 to Mehrdad Pahlbod's ministry in the Ministry of Culture and Arts in 1343 and the period after that, the period of 1343 until the Islamic Revolution. After these cases, we also analyzed the new wave of Iranian cinema according to the topic. In the first period of time, the development programs were not yet discussed in its codified form, and during this period, due to the impact of the Second World War and the resulting conditions for the country, most foreign films were screened in order to protect the interests of the United States and England and in competition with the Germans. During these years, the establishment of cinemas increased and it was used to maintain and stabilize the government with advertising programs. These cases and other conditions that need more time to mention show the great impact of western culture on Iranian society through the cinema industry. It was after this period that development programs were begin and during these programs, cultural development was pursued through the promotion of some mentioned components through effective media such as cinema. By analyzing other historical periods, we found that in these cinema works, the government tried to use women and female identity as a tool, in the form of addressing sexual character or physical attractiveness and embodiment, in the form of the central discourse sign of "reducing the female identity to body and her appearances" and "inducing being modern with the disclosure of sexual appearances" will eliminate the traditional resistance of Iranian society against the imported culture of the Western bloc. During the formation of the new wave of Iranian cinema, which was influenced by the new wave of French cinema, changes were made in the style of films in opposition to Persian-films. Although Iranian new wave cinema was not able to break the common atmosphere of Iranian cinema, at least in terms of female identity, it tried to provide a broader meaning of female identity and based on more humane concepts. Therefore, it is possible to imagine the discourse sign of "the development of female identity in a new formulation" for new wave cinema. Overall, in terms of discourse analysis, a direct quantitative and qualitative relationship can be seen between the implementation of the capitalistic construction (development) programs of the Pahlavi period and the growing expansion of this representation of female identity. In other words, with the implementation of the development and construction programs of the Pahlavi period, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the representation of western female components in the cinema of this period increased and was defined in opposition to the components of Iranian Muslim female identity. In fact, the implementation of capitalistic development programs during the Pahlavi period was accompanied by the expansion of the representation of western female components and the destruction of traditional Islamic-Iranian female components and strengthened each other. In other words, the representation of female identity in the cinema of this period, from the beginning to the years leading to the Islamic Revolution, has been in an increasing trend towards reducing the identity of women to the body and her appearances, but the second Pahlavi state, especially in the Ministry of Culture and Art, this new female identity, which is influenced by the identity of the western woman, is drawn as a progressive identity and in line with development in a western way.
Sociology
Zohre Omidipour; Ali Rajabloo; sosan bastani
Abstract
IntroductionAs Iran confronted Western modernity and the resulting discursive conflicts, women, their identity, and their living conditions emerged as one of the most significant subjects of attention. This led to a wide range of discourse about them, turning women into a focal point of contention. The ...
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IntroductionAs Iran confronted Western modernity and the resulting discursive conflicts, women, their identity, and their living conditions emerged as one of the most significant subjects of attention. This led to a wide range of discourse about them, turning women into a focal point of contention. The present article examines the discourses formed around the axis of women in the writings of the Constitutional era, utilizing the method of critical discourse analysis to explore the formulation of the modern woman subject in the prominent discourses of this period. The aim of this research is to understand the meaning of the modern woman subject in each of the discourses of the Constitutional era and the ideologies that govern them. It also investigates the position of each discourse and their status within the dominant discourse.MethodologyThe present study is based on a qualitative approach. The method used in this research is discourse analysis, and it is carried out according to Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. In his comprehensive discourse analytical approach, a multidimensional framework is designed for analysis that can cover the interactions between text and context. Following his method, we have organized this research into three stages: First stage: Description; in this stage, we have extracted the formal features of the text, namely the textual structure, vocabulary indicating positive and negative value meanings, as well as syntactic structure. Second stage: Interpretation. In this stage, we have followed the interpretation of texts in two steps: first, the structural interpretation of the text, and second, the interpretation of the text’s context. In structural interpretation, we have extracted the propositions and semantic episodes of the texts about women and the semantic structure of the text. In the second aspect, we have dealt with the interpretation of the text’s context, what Fairclough calls intertextuality. Third stage: Explanation; in this stage, we have moved beyond the semantic networks of texts and ventured outside the text to study the social structure and the context of discourses, as well as their effects on the social fabric. In the current research, the target population is written, and oral texts published from the Constitutional Revolution period until before the establishment of the Pahlavi government. The sampling method in this research is purposeful.FindingThe findings of the research indicate that each of the discourses examined in contemporary Iranian history defines the modern woman in a specific way. The constructed meanings of the modern woman in each discourse are in opposition to other discourses. Specifically, the subject of the modern woman is positioned against social traditions. In the progressive discourse, this subject is constructed as a “demanding and critical woman.” In progressive discourse, “gender equality” is the main category, and other categories such as changing the hijab, women’s education, political and social rights, criticism of marriage traditions, and efforts to resemble European women… are centered around it. The subject of the modern woman in traditional discourse is constructed as a “Europeanized and unrestrained woman,” which is not accepted and is rejected. The social discourses and actions are organized to marginalize it. In this discourse, the concern for the purity of religion and its empowerment is prominent, and the discussion of the inherent inequality between men and women in Sharia law aims to discredit the central proposition of progressive discourse about women. The subject of the traditional woman is the desired subject, which stands against the subject constructed by modernism. This desired subject has specific discursive elements and nuances and is known as a “chaste woman” and “woman of integrity,” associated with the “inner household” and “diligent in performing feminine roles.” In the integrative discourse, the modern woman is defined as an “educated, Sharia-compliant, and duty-centered woman.” The woman deemed desirable in this discourse stands against both the traditional woman and the modern (Europeanized) woman. The modern woman in this discourse is one who acquires elements such as education as a modern category but maintains her traditional roles under the protection of Sharia law and uses the knowledge she learns to better perform her defined duties, preventing the reproduction of traditional gender stereotypes and cultural poverty (sorcery, superstition, and fortune-telling) through proper upbringing of her children. By performing these duties correctly, she contributes to her own advancement and that of her homeland.Conclusion The integrative discourse, by drawing from certain traditional concepts and propositions as well as some modern ones in its discursive articulation, has placed at the center of its narrative a woman who, without conflict with religious and customary elements and even in alignment with some of them such as the hijab and feminine duties, has critiqued social traditions, particularly in the areas of illiteracy and social and cultural poverty. It has sought to persuade its general and specific audiences by prioritizing Islamic Sharia in justifying the opposition to traditions such as the prohibition of women and girls from new education. In this discourse, neither the modern woman nor the traditional woman is completely rejected or affirmed. While the traditional discourse was concerned with the purity of religion, the integrative discourse has highlighted the empowerment of religion as its concern. Despite efforts to delegitimize the traditional and customary social structure, due to the focus on more accessible goals and the absence of explicit confrontations with the traditions relied upon by most of the society, and by applying the concept of progress in a local context and according to the requirements of place and time, it has found a better position. The discourse of modernity, despite entering Iranian society with categories of progress, advancement, and transformation of women’s status from a Western perspective, failed to gain a significant position in the social fabric of Iranian society and garner public support due to its lack of attention to the cultural context of society, its strong opposition to the religious elements of society, and its uncritical infatuation with the West and contempt for customs, language, and religious beliefs of the people. The findings of this research confirm the results of studies on the challenges of tradition and modernity by researchers such as Vahdat, Azadarmaki, and Mirsepassi, which indicate that Iranian intellectuals of the Constitutional era had a distorted perception of modernity, considering it dominant and viewing the possibility of dialogue between modernity and traditions as impossible, believing that the only way to progress was imitation.
Women's Studies
Maryam Ahmadinejad; elahe Marandi
Abstract
Detailed abstractAims: today Prevalence of homosexuality as an unconventional sexual orientation the human world has faced a serious threat to the foundation of the family. This unnatural problem, has been breaking the taboo internationally in recent years. Despite the strict view and prohibitions of ...
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Detailed abstractAims: today Prevalence of homosexuality as an unconventional sexual orientation the human world has faced a serious threat to the foundation of the family. This unnatural problem, has been breaking the taboo internationally in recent years. Despite the strict view and prohibitions of homosexuality in religions, especially within the context of Islam. In the field of international law we are witnessing that various international human rights bodies especially the European Court of Human Rights in their case law are against any discrimination against the civil institutions of homosexuals compared to the sacred institution of the family. While homosexuality threatens morality, health and the human race.Methodology: In order to answer the questions, the present research based on a descriptive-analytical research, with a legal approach, he searched for the Islamic point of view about this serious deviation from many authentic Shiite books and sources. Then the case law and documents on the international human rights was considered. Due to The multiplicity of existing procedures in this regard in the cases of the European Court of Human Rights, emphasized the judgments of this international judicial body; and finally, the domestic laws of several countries were presented as an example to better explain the issue.Findings: In several verses of the Holy Quran, committing homosexuality was introduced as prostitution and depravity that cuts off the pure human being race. Repeated repetition of this story in the Holy Quran shows the importance of the topics mentioned in these verses. Because such behaviors, in addition to not legitimizing, are also against the nature of the creation of the two sexes. According to the words of Shiite Imams, Some homosexual acts (Lovat) is more prohibited from illegitimate natural relationships (Adultery) and it is remembered as a disbelief. Committing to homosexuality in the practice of Lot's people became an epidemic tendency and to the testimony of the Holy Quran until then was unprecedented. Homosexuals tried to make others look like and if they fail to create such deviation in them, they punish them. Therefore, it should be emphasized that this inaccurate tendency when formed, it is crime that attacks forward and It is no restrictions for itself.In addition, based on the hadiths quoted, one of the natural consequences of homosexuality is that A person's sexuality changed. So that loses the tendency to the opposite sex and this is quite evident in the practice of homosexuals in the past and today. When Lot calls his people to marriage whit women, they declared the reluctance of the opposite sex. This can be considered one of the penalties that naturally happen to the perpetrators of these acts and their instinctual desire becomes an abnormal desire. However, unfortunately, today we see that some international institutions have also approved and identified homosexuality. From the identification of civil partnerships based on homosexuality until breaking the taboo of these historical crimes and deleting the criminalization that existed in most societies towards these actions Both in custom and in law; Until establishing the sacred institution of marriage for this relationship that is illegitimate and against creation; Insisting on prohibiting discrimination and granting equal rights to the family in its usual, historical and correct sense, with the fake family recognized for two same-sex couples. In the fields related to inheritance and the laws related to having children and granting adoption, etc., it is an example of the limitless attack of the supporters of homosexuality on the foundation of the family. International human rights bodies insist on the Gender equality towards homosexuality. This is despite the fact that at the time of the approval of many of these documents and conventions that mention to gender equality, homosexuality was illegal in most of the negotiating countries and was even considered a crime in many of those countries. It can be safely claimed that at the time of approval of these documents, the will of the approvers was not to expand the inclusion of this term to homosexuality. Finally, what is worth considering is the great taboo breaking that is being systematically done by some international bodies and especially the European Court of Human Rights through encouraging or pushing for the Criminalization of hate crime against homosexuality. So that this criminalization has been done in the domestic laws of some countries with secularist foundations.In the meantime, there are still many countries around the world and even in the European continent that define the family as a union consisting of one woman and one man and have not recognized homosexuality. Beyond that, at the global level, many countries have criminalized homosexuality in their domestic laws and have prescribed different punishments such as imprisonment, flogging and death penalty and they insistently stand against this anti-family perspective. Even many countries that have legalized the institution of marriage for homosexuals in their laws, have criminalized such acts in their historical practice.Conclusion: The precession of homosexuality supporters in recent years is worrying. Such viewpoints, following the creation of new standards in the field of family, have been able to provide plural rights for homosexuals in different societies. When it is added to this concern that the procedure of some international bodies is also coordinated with these opinions and is seeking to put pressure on the countries to recognize this historical slip. As the viewpoints based on homosexuality, throughout history and from the very beginning in the case of Lot's people, they did not set a limit for themselves and they always tried to bring others along with them. From breaking the taboo to decriminalizing and then legalizing same-sex marriage and granting various rights, especially redefining "gender equality" to provide equality for homosexuals and granting the right to prohibit discrimination to them, to forcing countries to criminalize the crime of hatred towards homosexuality; all of them indicate this fact that non-confrontation whit this thinking will lead to the destruction of the traditional and legitimate concept of the family. According to this in the near future, we will see more pressure being exerted through international organizations defending human rights on countries where the family in its eternal and historical sense, is the fundamental institution of their society. This is despite the fact that the future conflict over the issue of the "family" for countries whose intellectual basis is based on Islamic doctrines, will not be tolerated in any way. Because in the Islamic religious Forming a family and marriage is a sacred institution that is performed only through a legal marriage between a man and a woman. Moreover the punishments intended for homosexuals are among the most severe punishments specified by the religious lawgiver for the cases of shameful deeds among the Islamic punishments. Therefore, Islam has not only left no way to accept this kind of tendencies, but has also considered the most severe punishments for it and says: "come not nigh to shameful deeds"
Women's Studies
moslem taheri; atefeh andarza
Abstract
One of the most important developments that occurred after the advent of Islam in the society of the era of descent was the changes in the rights of individuals, especially women.Women in the society of the era of the Prophet Muhammad (Blessings of God be upon him as well as peace) were deprived of the ...
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One of the most important developments that occurred after the advent of Islam in the society of the era of descent was the changes in the rights of individuals, especially women.Women in the society of the era of the Prophet Muhammad (Blessings of God be upon him as well as peace) were deprived of the minimum basic human rights, and the Qur'an has explained the rights for the female personality in social and family dimensions. A part of the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution, which is based on Sharia texts, has established rights in some principles to protect mothers, especially during pregnancy, custody and inheritance. Although the rules presented in the Qur'an are general and do not address all the rules explicitly, but by using the general rules and relying on the Sunna of the Saints, peace be upon them, it is possible to infer the secondary rules according to the needs of any time and make them The title is documented and based on the Qur'an, and the government is obliged to preserve it. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the Quranic foundations of mother's rights with a social approach and with a special focus on clause 2 of Article 21 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.As the main source of guidance for Muslims, the Qur'an provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and supporting the rights of mothers in the Islamic framework and provides guidance on various aspects of life, including the rights and responsibilities of mothers.In addition to recognizing the rights of mothers in families, Islam emphasizes the importance of broader social support systems such as the establishment of institutions such as maternity hospitals, childcare centers and educational programs with the aim of empowering mothers and ensuring their well-being.This indicates the importance of ensuring that mothers receive the necessary support and resources to fulfill their roles effectively.By analyzing clause 2 of article 21 of the constitution, it is possible to understand its alignment with the Quranic principles regarding mother's rights.The social approach to maternal rights acknowledges that securing these rights requires a collective effort from the society as a whole.Indeed, it acknowledges that governments should develop policies and programs aimed at supporting mothers in fulfilling their roles effectively. By combining the principles of the Quran with the provisions of the constitution, societies can develop comprehensive strategies to protect the rights of mothers. These strategies may include implementing maternity leave policies, providing affordable child care services, promoting gender equality in job opportunities, and providing training programs on parenting skills as well as alimony, custody, inheritance and mother's job and judicial discounts. Maintaining these rights is necessary not only for individual women, but also for building a equitable and harmonious society.On the other hand, concerted efforts are needed to fill the gaps between theory and practice through increasing awareness campaigns and political interventions aimed at creating a suitable environment for mothers to grow.One of the most important developments that occurred after the advent of Islam in the society of the era of descent was the changes in the rights of individuals, especially women.Women in the society of the era of the Prophet Muhammad (Blessings of God be upon him as well as peace) were deprived of the minimum basic human rights, and the Qur'an has explained the rights for the female personality in social and family dimensions. A part of the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution, which is based on Sharia texts, has established rights in some principles to protect mothers, especially during pregnancy, custody and inheritance. Although the rules presented in the Qur'an are general and do not address all the rules explicitly, but by using the general rules and relying on the Sunna of the Saints, peace be upon them, it is possible to infer the secondary rules according to the needs of any time and make them The title is documented and based on the Qur'an, and the government is obliged to preserve it. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the Quranic foundations of mother's rights with a social approach and with a special focus on clause 2 of Article 21 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.As the main source of guidance for Muslims, the Qur'an provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and supporting the rights of mothers in the Islamic framework and provides guidance on various aspects of life, including the rights and responsibilities of mothers.In addition to recognizing the rights of mothers in families, Islam emphasizes the importance of broader social support systems such as the establishment of institutions such as maternity hospitals, childcare centers and educational programs with the aim of empowering mothers and ensuring their well-being.This indicates the importance of ensuring that mothers receive the necessary support and resources to fulfill their roles effectively.By analyzing clause 2 of article 21 of the constitution, it is possible to understand its alignment with the Quranic principles regarding mother's rights.The social approach to maternal rights acknowledges that securing these rights requires a collective effort from the society as a whole.Indeed, it acknowledges that governments should develop policies and programs aimed at supporting mothers in fulfilling their roles effectively. By combining the principles of the Quran with the provisions of the constitution, societies can develop comprehensive strategies to protect the rights of mothers. These strategies may include implementing maternity leave policies, providing affordable child care services, promoting gender equality in job opportunities, and providing training programs on parenting skills as well as alimony, custody, inheritance and mother's job and judicial discounts. Maintaining these rights is necessary not only for individual women, but also for building a equitable and harmonious society.On the other hand, concerted efforts are needed to fill the gaps between theory and practice through increasing awareness campaigns and political interventions aimed at creating a suitable environment for mothers to grow.One of the most important developments that occurred after the advent of Islam in the society of the era of descent was the changes in the rights of individuals, especially women.Women in the society of the era of the Prophet Muhammad (Blessings of God be upon him as well as peace) were deprived of the minimum basic human rights, and the Qur'an has explained the rights for the female personality in social and family dimensions. A part of the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitution, which is based on Sharia texts, has established rights in some principles to protect mothers, especially during pregnancy, custody and inheritance. Although the rules presented in the Qur'an are general and do not address all the rules explicitly, but by using the general rules and relying on the Sunna of the Saints, peace be upon them, it is possible to infer the secondary rules according to the needs of any time and make them The title is documented and based on the Qur'an, and the government is obliged to preserve it. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the Quranic foundations of mother's rights with a social approach and with a special focus on clause 2 of Article 21 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.As the main source of guidance for Muslims,
Sociology
Hossein Afrasiabi; Zahra Khoramian
Abstract
Parallel to the change in the position and role of women, the geographical mobility and independent migration of women has grown significantly in recent years. This phenomenon has unknown dimensions and consequences, especially from the point of view of immigrant women themselves.Our goal of this research ...
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Parallel to the change in the position and role of women, the geographical mobility and independent migration of women has grown significantly in recent years. This phenomenon has unknown dimensions and consequences, especially from the point of view of immigrant women themselves.Our goal of this research is to understand the contexts and consequences of independent migration of young girls.This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. we collected data through semi-structured interviews with 18 young women who immigrated to Yazd alone. The selection of participants was done by purposeful and snowball sampling.After the implementation, we analyzed the data using the Codding in grounded theory.The result of the analysis is presented in the form of 7 main categories, a central category and a grounded theory theoretical model.The main categories are preference for strangeness, job/financial securance, taste for independent living, family pressure and control, collapse of negative mentality from immigration, distance from the host community and housing impasse. The construction of split-identity was also made as central category .The findings showed that the unstable life at the origin with the split life at the destination has led to the formation of a divided identity among the participants.Parallel to the change in the position and role of women, the geographical mobility and independent migration of women has grown significantly in recent years. This phenomenon has unknown dimensions and consequences, especially from the point of view of immigrant women themselves.Our goal of this research is to understand the contexts and consequences of independent migration of young girls.This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. we collected data through semi-structured interviews with 18 young women who immigrated to Yazd alone. The selection of participants was done by purposeful and snowball sampling.After the implementation, we analyzed the data using the Codding in grounded theory.The result of the analysis is presented in the form of 7 main categories, a central category and a grounded theory theoretical model.The main categories are preference for strangeness, job/financial securance, taste for independent living, family pressure and control, collapse of negative mentality from immigration, distance from the host community and housing impasse. The construction of split-identity was also made as central category .The findings showed that the unstable life at the origin with the split life at the destination has led to the formation of a divided identity among the participants.Parallel to the change in the position and role of women, the geographical mobility and independent migration of women has grown significantly in recent years. This phenomenon has unknown dimensions and consequences, especially from the point of view of immigrant women themselves.Our goal of this research is to understand the contexts and consequences of independent migration of young girls.This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. we collected data through semi-structured interviews with 18 young women who immigrated to Yazd alone. The selection of participants was done by purposeful and snowball sampling.After the implementation, we analyzed the data using the Codding in grounded theory.The result of the analysis is presented in the form of 7 main categories, a central category and a grounded theory theoretical model.The main categories are preference for strangeness, job/financial securance, taste for independent living, family pressure and control, collapse of negative mentality from immigration, distance from the host community and housing impasse. The construction of split-identity was also made as central category .The findings showed that the unstable life at the origin with the split life at the destination has led to the formation of a divided identity among the participants.Parallel to the change in the position and role of women, the geographical mobility and independent migration of women has grown significantly in recent years. This phenomenon has unknown dimensions and consequences, especially from the point of view of immigrant women themselves.Our goal of this research is to understand the contexts and consequences of independent migration of young girls.This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. we collected data through semi-structured interviews with 18 young women who immigrated to Yazd alone. The selection of participants was done by purposeful and snowball sampling.After the implementation, we analyzed the data using the Codding in grounded theory.The result of the analysis is presented in the form of 7 main categories, a central category and a grounded theory theoretical model.The main categories are preference for strangeness, job/financial securance, taste for independent living, family pressure and control, collapse of negative mentality from immigration, distance from the host community and housing impasse. The construction of split-identity was also made as central category .The findings showed that the unstable life at the origin with the split life at the destination has led to the formation of a divided identity among the participants.Parallel to the change in the position and role of women, the geographical mobility and independent migration of women has grown significantly in recent years. This phenomenon has unknown dimensions and consequences, especially from the point of view of immigrant women themselves.Our goal of this research is to understand the contexts and consequences of independent migration of young girls.This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. we collected data through semi-structured interviews with 18 young women who immigrated to Yazd alone. The selection of participants was done by purposeful and snowball sampling.After the implementation, we analyzed the data using the Codding in grounded theory.The result of the analysis is presented in the form of 7 main categories, a central category and a grounded theory theoretical model.The main categories are preference for strangeness, job/financial securance, taste for independent living, family pressure and control, collapse of negative mentality from immigration, distance from the host community and housing impasse. The construction of split-identity was also made as central category .The findings showed that the unstable life at the origin with the split life at the destination has led to the formation of a divided identity among the participants.Parallel to the change in the position and role of women, the geographical mobility and independent migration of women has grown significantly in recent years. This phenomenon has unknown dimensions and consequences, especially from the point of view of immigrant women themselves.Our goal of this research is to understand the contexts and consequences of independent migration of young girls.This research was carried out with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. we collected data through semi-structured interviews with 18 young women who immigrated to Yazd alone. The selection of participants was done by purposeful and snowball sampling.After the implementation, we analyzed the data using the Codding in grounded theory.The result of the analysis is presented in the form of 7 main categories, a central category and a grounded theory theoretical model.The main categories are preference for strangeness, job/financial securance, taste for independent living, family pressure and control, collapse of negative mentality from immigration, distance from the host community and housing impasse. The construction of split-identity was also made as central category .The findings showed that the unstable life at the origin with the split life at the destination has led to the formation of a divided identity among the participants.
Women's Studies
Golamreza Tabrizikahou; sahar Tabrizi; maliheh Boroumand Mahmoudabadi
Abstract
Introduction: Today, the number of female heads of households is increasing all over the world, including Iran, and everyone agrees that they are a vulnerable group that needs to be supported. Support that is often provided by family, friends, and governmental and quasi-governmental institutions. But ...
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Introduction: Today, the number of female heads of households is increasing all over the world, including Iran, and everyone agrees that they are a vulnerable group that needs to be supported. Support that is often provided by family, friends, and governmental and quasi-governmental institutions. But it seems that more important than these supports is the perception of the female heads of the household about these supports. This study was designed with the aim of investigating the perception of these women about social support.Method: In this research, which was conducted using the phenomenological method, 21 participants were selected in the fall of 1400 from among the women heads of households in Mashhad city using a targeted method and maximum distribution until theoretical saturation was reached. Then the participants told their stories about these supports during a semi-structured interview. After the completion of the interview phase, all the narratives were carefully implemented and coded to provide the necessary background for comparison, classification and recognition of differences. Again, the extracted classes were examined to see if they have sufficient descriptive power and implications for the data. The process of modification and revision continued until it seemed that the modified classes were compatible with the interview data. Then the above classes were examined with the aim of drawing the result space.Findings: The findings show that basically, women heads of households are supported by three sources, which are family, friends, and governmental and semi-governmental institutions; who provide these supports in the form of emotional, instrumental, informational and financial support based on the proximity to the recipient.The family offers them emotional and economic support, but opposes their presence in the public arena. Friends offer a wider range of support to these women, which include emotional, advisory, economic, occupational and spiritual support. Also, government departments and non-governmental organizations, in addition to economic aid, help to develop their professional skills by holding empowerment courses. This is while the economic assistance of these institutions, if it is not consistent with the perspective of poverty alleviation, provides reproduction of poverty and debt crisis for many of these women. The interviewees believed that the support of strangers would put them under suspicion, so they avoided being close to any source of support that might harm them. Also, mistrust, instability and poisoning of the atmosphere have cast a shadow on the lives of the majority of them. The majority of female heads of households, in order to receive emotional support, their priority was to go to family and friends, and some of them turn to official institutions to receive economic support. However, the cultural consequences of widowhood, divorce, or celibacy cause most of their interactions to be with women; And almost all of them do not trust men and in most cases they want temporary presence and "living apart" just to meet their needs. Therefore, the mistrust, instability, and poisonous nature of the relationships, especially the relationship with the opposite sex, cast a shadow in their request for support from all three sources of family, friends, and government institutions, and provide the basis for the appearance of contradictory perceptions of these supports. The two main axes of "trying to distance" and "rethinking relationships" cover their perception of receiving support. Due to lack of trust, some try to distance themselves from others and minimize their level of communication in this plagued atmosphere; And some others have created a kind of rethinking in receiving social support, ignoring the look and judgment of the people around them and looking to meet their needs. On the other hand, now the majority of female heads of households have transferred their links to groups in cyberspace; But the concerns of the real world are still there for them, with the difference that the virtual space has increased their power of bargaining and choice. At the beginning of the loss of a spouse, widows mostly need emotional support, and as the mourning period passes, they show their financial, instrumental and informational needs. Divorced women also need more emotional support at the beginning of separation and then other support; this is while single women prioritize financial, instrumental, informational and finally emotional independence respectively.The results showed that the society defines a new identity for the women who have become the head of the household, and therefore they define their relations with the society in a special framework that they mostly do not benefit from. The feeling of rejection and isolation, pity, alienation, insecurity and discomfort are among these consequences. In such an environment, these women try to use various solutions such as hiding their guardianship, returning to their paternal family and defining new relationships, distorting social relations and restoring their identity and overcoming the anxiety and psychological disturbance caused by guardianship. . Such a lived experience, on the one hand, isolates and rejects them from within their group, but on the other hand, it forces them to expand the radius of their social relations to secure a living and establish new relationships with outside their group. Discussion:Naturally, social class is a determining factor in obtaining the opportunities and facilities that people have and can be the source of different inequalities (Torabi et al., 2016), therefore being in a social class is an inevitable part of people's identity and therefore to a The meaning of social class penetrates deep into the psychological system and forms a part of how one feels about oneself and others. It seems that ever since the theories and literature related to women heads of the household have been formed, it has been happening that the examination of their perception in their social class and the feelings that come along with it has been an omitted element. Is. However, examining individuals in social class is important because it is a source of inequality. In this direction and in the context of time, family, friends and governments have tried to promote women heads of households who are in lower classes to higher classes with their support. Many of these studies show that basically the dissolution of the marital relationship is a stressful stage in the life of every female head of the household (Bastos, 2009). Because when a woman takes charge of the family, she has to draw a new identity for herself and start "redefining the relationship with the world outside herself" and adapting to the new situation. Going towards his family, friends and official and unofficial institutions and redefining the people he used to hang out with are among his new relationships. According to Kaufman (2015), even now social relations are expanding towards an unreal world; therefore, some of these women turn to activities in cyberspace, a space that is full of structural contradictions for them, just like the real world. The narrative of women heads of households about social support showed that women heads of households tend to be supported by family and friends. This result confirms the idea of Habermas who says: Basically, a distinction should be made between the rationality of the social system (official body) and the rationality of the life world (informal groups).
Women's Studies
Abolhasan Amin Moghaddasi; Ali Afzali; narges bigdeli
Abstract
Introduction:The starting point of female criticism coincides with liberation from the linear stereotypes of men's literary history. Feminist literary criticism does not mean to eliminate the differences in the way of writing between women and men, and in this type of criticism, gender differences do ...
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Introduction:The starting point of female criticism coincides with liberation from the linear stereotypes of men's literary history. Feminist literary criticism does not mean to eliminate the differences in the way of writing between women and men, and in this type of criticism, gender differences do not become meaningless, but the purpose of this criticism is to understand women's writing in order to reach a broader perspective of women's reality. In the 19th century, novel writing was considered a purely masculine practice, and mentioning a female novelist caused suspicion, shame, surprise, and misogyny towards the author. The intellectual endeavors of women in less than two hundred years, has opened up new perspectives on human knowledge and raised many important questions. But the astonishing variety and conflict of ideas themselves has become a barrier to understanding how and why they are. Feminist critique examines the role of women in the two axes of the creator of the work (the woman as the writer) and the created personality (the face presented by the woman in the works of the authors). The experience of writing a novel is considered one of the modern literary experiences in the Sultanate of Oman, and its history does not exceed a few decades. The Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar is considered the first women's novel in Oman and its protagonist in life is a kind of victim of patriarchy. The first appearance of women in the field of Omani novel writing took place in 1999 with the novel Al-Tawaf Hayat al-Jamar by Badria Al-Shihhi. Methodology:In this study, the authors try to use the feminist approach and descriptive analytical method to examine the characters of the story and put their actions according to the characteristics of each of the stages of imitation, protest and self-discovery in the classification of feminist criticism and the evolution Identify and analyze them in each of these stages and seek to find answers to these questions: What are the most obvious feminist components in Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar’s novel? Results:Omani novelist Badria Al Shهhhi, in her novel “Al-Tawaf Hayat al-Jamar,” shed light on an important historical stage in the history of her country, which was characterized by the Omani presence in Zanzibar, Africa, and how rebellious movements were raging in several hotspots there, warning of the occurrence of disasters that would cause historical tragedies. In parallel, it monitors a number of social, commercial and economic transformations that interacted and exploded in ways that were not devoid of cruelty and brutality through its characters, which are decorated with contradictions and contradictions. It does not philosophize much in trying to understand the changes that are sweeping it, but rather goes with the waves as if it were part of the movement of the scene with its confusions, strangeness and madness. Badria Al-Shihhi is the first Omani female novelist, and ironically, her first novel is also a feminist novel that, after forty years of silence, steps into the field of literature not to imitate men, but to shout and protest. Widowed at a young age, Zahra finds herself being forced into a hasty marriage to her cousin. Having been conditioned by her family and society to perennially obey society’s diktats, taking destiny into her own hands seems nigh impossible. Her radical decision to do so takes her on the journey of discovery from an Omani village perched atop a mountain to the East African coast. But of more importance than her physical journey through space is her internal one: of how far Zahra has to go to be free from the shackles of discrimination to finally find her place in the world, and what that search for independence holds for her. The findings of the research show that components such as protest, self-expression, violence, suppression of female instinct, taboo breaking have the most contribution in this novel and make it a part of feminist works. Although traces of self-awareness can be seen in this novel, by choosing to isolate the hero, the author has deprived him of reaching the stage of turning inward and self-discovery to find an individual identity and away from any imitation and protest.Conclusion:Al-Tawaf Haith Al-Jamar presents a model of a woman's efforts to liberate herself and not accept outdated patriarchal traditions. The revolution of this woman against the patriarchal society was parallel to the revolution of the African people against the Arabs who invaded their country and took over their lives and property. The author depicts the hardships that this woman endured on the way to achieving her dreams, as well as the financial and life losses that the African people suffered to realize their freedom; It seeks to prove that no freedom comes without a cost. The name he chose for this novel also indicates its content, because tawaf means an endless cycle and sequence that shows the continuation of this struggle. This novel was written in protest against male writing standards and the presentation of a stereotypical image of women, and it prioritized the defense of women's rights and women's idealism. Badria al-Shihhi shows the emergence of self-hiding in a woman named Zohra after enduring the sufferings that have been imposed on her for three decades in her life; shows. A woman whose whole life is described as endless service. Now looking for a range to be heard and seen and discovered; becomes Badria al-Shihhi has used this character as a model for a better and ideal being. In this novel, there is only one woman who is on a ship as a small community and on a path whose limits and end are unclear and all the passengers are men; is in motion The plurality of men in the novel shows the majority of their determining presence in the real society and the fact that there is only one woman among them has a directional and appropriate link with the reality of women being in the minority and describes the society's inferior view of women. Badria al-Shihhi did not accept the silence and description compatible with the environment and used literature as a means to depict the oppression and oppression of women. He leads his protagonist towards self-awareness, but at the end of the novel, by dragging him into isolation and transsexuality, he has deprived him of reaching the stage of turning inward and self-discovery to find an individual identity and away from any imitation and protest.
Political sciences
Elahe Marandi; Zahra Sadat Hejazi
Abstract
IntroductionWage is one of the concepts of labor law, which creates a legal relationship between the wage earner and the wage earner and follows the legal subordination of the worker to the employer (and vice versa). Among the issues raised regarding wages, the issue of equal pay versus equal work is ...
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IntroductionWage is one of the concepts of labor law, which creates a legal relationship between the wage earner and the wage earner and follows the legal subordination of the worker to the employer (and vice versa). Among the issues raised regarding wages, the issue of equal pay versus equal work is raised under the concept of prohibition of discrimination in employment and in the protection of female workers. Equal pay means that men and women have the right to receive equal pay for work of equal value. This means that men and women working in the same or similar jobs are paid the same. It also means that men and women should be paid equally when they do work that is completely different but can be of equal value when judged by objective criteria. These objective criteria consider factors such as skills, qualifications, working conditions, level of responsibility and effort required by the job. Until a long time after the industrial revolution, there was no law stating equal pay, and most of the employers used the physical weakness of women as an excuse and paid them lower wages. According to the International Labor Organization, women work longer hours and are paid 25% less on average than men. Women's economic activities are highly concentrated in low-wage, low-productivity and high-risk forms of employment.The wage gap between men and women is one of the most important discriminations that occurs against women and is considered a serious injury in all countries of the world and is not specific to developing countries and is a widespread problem in the vast majority of countries (Mousavi and Rahuri, 2013: 193) Eliminating this discrimination, considering the global efforts to improve the status of women and create equal conditions for them in order to achieve social justice, requires the legislator's support for the right to equal pay.Various factors cause this gap, which researchers have investigated in different works, so the authors in this research. It does not seek to identify the factors that create the gender wage gap, but by enumerating the mentioned factors, it examines the recognition of the right to equal pay in domestic laws and regulations and documents, and the policies and protections foreseen by the domestic legislator and international authorities in The elimination and minimization of the mentioned factors are investigated.research methodologyThe authors collected information using library sources and then tried to answer the research question by analyzing the content.Research findingsWhile equal pay for men and women has been widely recognized by international authorities, progress in reducing the gender pay gap has been slow and it has been difficult for countries to put it into practice. Achieving equal pay is a turning point. It is important for human rights and gender justice, and this requires the efforts of the entire global community.Equal pay means that men and women have the right to receive equal pay for work of equal value. This means that men and women working in the same or similar jobs are paid the same. It also means that men and women should be paid equally when they do work that is completely different but can be of equal value when judged by objective criteria. These objective criteria consider factors such as skills, qualifications, working conditions, level of responsibility and effort required by the job. The inequality of wages between men and women is referred to as the gender wage gap, which is caused by various factors. Surveys show that private sector workers (compared to the public sector) are clearly discriminated against in wages. The action that international authorities and governments need to take for equal pay is to recognize this right.Various factors cause the gender wage gap, and governments' efforts to adopt policies to eliminate these factors can reduce the gap.The cultural factor is the first factor in creating the gender wage gap. Education is another factor in the wage difference between men and women. In a society where there is an education gap between men and women, the gender wage gap is striking. At the level of equal education, women still face discrimination in paying wages, although a significant part of this gap is compensated by women's higher education than men. Differences in jobs and professions are another factor in the gender wage gap.Another factor in the wage gap is whether men and women work full-time or part-time. According to the International Women's Labor Organization, more than 50% of part-time employees in the whole world are women, and considering that the wages of part-time workers are lower compared to full-time workers of the same type, the employment of women in this type of work reduces the gender wage gap. Reveals.Marriage and motherhood are other factors that must be addressed. After marriage and motherhood, women turn to part-time jobs because they have to devote time to family and children, or they do not have the possibility to work overtime, and they do not have the possibility to be promoted and hold management positions, or because of these reasons, they have less possibility of employment, lower salary and job security. They are less privileged or are not selected for management positions. Marriage in men leads to an increase in salary and in women, it leads to a decrease.In the International Labor Organization's agreements and declarations and various international conventions, wage equality has been emphasized.Iran's constitution does not have an explicit principle to support wagesThis research examined the view of the international and domestic legal system on the issue of equal pay and extracted principles from it. In order to complete this effort, the following are suggested:Supporting employers in exchange for hiring female workers by giving privileges such as exemption from a part of taxes or benefiting from the quota of raw materials or government subsidies. (In this way, the cost incurred by the employer for hiring women workers is somehow compensated and creates an incentive to use women's labor force.Creating women's labor organizations to increase the bargaining power of this group in determining wagesExpanding and strengthening the transparency of the payment system, especially in the private sectorAdopting legal employment policies to increase the possibility of employment and obtaining jobs for women under equal conditionsAdoption of laws and regulations supporting equal pay, such as establishing a heavy enforcement guarantee for violation of equal pay for equal work, along with a regular and comprehensive inspection.Cultivating equal pay by defining the economic status of women while paying attention to their productivity and efficiency, far from common mental beliefs.Encouraging men to play a more effective role in doing household chores through legal and social protections
Sociology
omid ghaderzadeh; Freshte khairandish
Abstract
IntroductionDespite social and cultural changes in Iranian society, patriarchy still has a hegemonic position and is reproduced through gendered institutions, including the family.in Iranian Kurdistan, the family, as a social institution and one of the main sources of socialization, has significant sanctity ...
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IntroductionDespite social and cultural changes in Iranian society, patriarchy still has a hegemonic position and is reproduced through gendered institutions, including the family.in Iranian Kurdistan, the family, as a social institution and one of the main sources of socialization, has significant sanctity and importance and has played a unique role in the construction of gender identity.gender identification in the context of the family has been associated with the subjugation of women. Recent studies have shown the continuation of subjugation and inferiority of Kurdish women (Ghaderzadeh & Hosseini, 2017; Ghaderzadeh & Khalghi, 2017; Ghaderzadeh & Abdollahzade, 2022; Rostampour, 2013; Shahriari, 2014).gender socialization is one of the conceptual and theoretical constructs that lead the way in understanding patriarchy and women's inferiority. Socialization is a process through which people find gender identity. They learn what is expected of them because of being a woman or a man and how to express these characteristics. Due to the fact that most sociologists believe that gender differences have a social origin, understanding gender socialization is important for analyzing the status of women (Wharton, 2012:56).understanding the dimensions and institutional sources of gender socialization and revealing it,s vulnerable strains is the precursor to redefining the social status of women in different fields of society.the practical importance of addressing the issue of gender socialization in the context of Kurdistan society becomes more relevant when women are abused openly and covertly in various fields.honor killings and murder by father or husband, the daily representation of news related to the assault of women on social networks and it,s increasing growth indicate asymmetric relationships and the weakness of dialogical and emotional democracy in the context of the family.based on field evidence, the city of Sanandaj is facing significant examples of gender inequality and gender violence. Therefore, the main question of the current research is, according to women's narratives, how does gender socialization take place in Sanandji families? And what are the sources and agents of gender socialization?MethodologyUnderstanding gender socialization in the context of the family requires studying the real life situation; Therefore, qualitative methodology has been adopted and among the qualitative methods, thematic analysis has been chosen as a method and strategy of data analysis to understand women's narrative of gender socialization.due to the events faced by women in childhood and adulthood and after marriage, the field of study is focused on a sample of married and working women in Sanandaj. By narrating the details of their lives and the events that happened in their lives and those of others, women provide rich data based on which gender socialization can be understood .on the other hand, due to the background nature of gender socialization and influence of ethnicity, the field of study is limited to Kurdish women of Sanandji.the sampling of the present study was a combination of targeted sampling and sampling with maximum diversity. In this study, theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 30 interviews. In this study, after collecting data through semi-structured interviews, data was analyzed and interpreted using the thematic analysis approach.ResultsOne of the dimensions of gender socialization is gender roles. to understand the gender roles, the participants were asked what they do as women at home? Why do men refuse to do the things that women do? by analyzing the themes, we found 4 main themes: “identification with home,” “instrumental roles,” “patriarchal order of care,” and “glass ceiling and the difficulty of promotion of working women”.the interviewed women defined themselves by housework and the home environment, and since childhood, girls' cooperation and companionship in housework has been expected.most of the women admitted to asking men's permission in various matters, and men's ignorance of their work or leaving the house without men's permission has been associated with men's annoyance and anger.restrictions in the field of interactions and not being allowed to travel with friends or travel without family were among the common experiences of the interviewed participants.women believed that there is not much difference between housekeeping and employment in offices and institutions, and in both areas, the position of women is not recognized, and women's ideas are confiscated by men, and women's activities are hindered by men.after “gender roles”, another construct that helps to understand gender socialization is “gender stereotypes” which are resistant to change.gender stereotypes are closely related to social roles and perpetuate gender inequalities by legitimizing gender norms and identity.regarding the gender stereotypes related to the presence of women in public spaces, we found two main themes: “genderization of public spaces” and “insecurity in public spaces and blaming women”.one of the central topics in the current research was understanding the personality dimensions of women. Based on the understanding of women, the two main themes of “expressive identity” and “genderization of work and education” have formed gender stereotypes related to women's personality.among the other topics investigated were gender stereotypes in the field of family planning and management, based on women's narratives, two main themes were reached: “risklessness and dependent decision-making” and “gender separation of family planning and management”.in order to understand the gender stereotypes related to choosing a spouse and marital relations, interviews were conducted with women regarding topics such as the process of marriage and choosing a spouse for children, having children, and marital relations. From the analysis of the themes, 3 main themes were obtained: “urgency and strictness in the marriage of girls”, “woman as a sexual object” and “woman as an honor”.the last subject under investigation was the recognition of the sources of women's socialization. Based on the data, “family and relatives” and “mass communication media” have formed the main sources of gender socialization of women.ConclusionOne of the distinguishing features of the current research was acknowledging the role of the family and especially the role of mothers in the continuation of gender inequalities through internalization and reproduction of gender roles and stereotypes. Participating women have actually perpetuated and consolidated gender roles and stereotypes by following the example of mothers.In addition, mass communication media along with family represent women in the framework of gender roles and stereotypes.Contrary to studies that have emphasized women's resistance to accepting conventional social identities, the findings of the present study indicate the weakness of gender awareness in kurdistan society.due to the dominance of patriarchal social and cultural structures, weak institutional support and exclusion from the labor market, women are unable to deconstruct gender stereotypes and redefine gender roles.still in kurdistan, a woman is associated with the honor and honor of the family, and women consider family issues as a personal and private matter.in order to understand gender roles and stereotypes as a social problem, it is necessary to sensitize the society and convince the members of the society about the harmful nature of gender socialization and in this way, women should be organized.the structure and system of male ideology is reproduced through gender socialization and has imposed expectations on women that have perpetuated gender discrimination and inequality; Therefore, according to Giddens, an emancipatory politics is necessary for women, and this implies the deconstruction of the patriarchal discourse, the horizontalization of couple relations, and emotional democracy in the context of the family.